PPL-US_TCLOCM-FRANK_fm.qxd 9/13/2006 5:27 PM Page i T T S AIJIQUAN AND HE EARCH FOR T L O C M HE ITTLE LD HINESE AN This page intentionally left blank PPL-US_TCLOCM-FRANK_fm.qxd 9/13/2006 5:27 PM Page iii T T S AIJIQUAN AND HE EARCH T L O FOR HE ITTLE LD C M HINESE AN Understanding Identity through Martial Arts Adam D. Frank PPL-US_TCLOCM-FRANK_fm.qxd 9/13/2006 5:27 PM Page iv TAIJIQUANANDTHESEARCHFORTHELITTLEOLDCHINESEMAN: UNDERSTANDING IDENTITYTHROUGHMARTIALARTS ©Palgrave Adam D. Frank 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published in 2006 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN™ 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS. Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan®is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN-13: 978-1-4039-6828-9 ISBN-10: 1-4039-6828-4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Frank, Adam D., 1961- Taijiquan and the search for the little old Chinese man : understanding identity through martial arts/by Adam D. Frank. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-4039-6828-4 (alk. paper) 1. Tai chi. I. Title. GV504.F73 2006 613.7(cid:1)148—dc22 2006043153 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Design by Macmillan India Ltd. First edition: October 2006 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America. Abrahams, Roger D 1993 Phantoms of Romantic Nationalism in Folkloristics. Journal of American Folklore.106:3–37. Reprinted by permission of Journal of American Folklore. Chen, Nancy 2002 Qiand Masculinities in Post-Mao China. InChinese Femininities/Chinese Masculinities. Eds. Susan Brownell and Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom, eds. Pp. 315–329. Berkeley: University of California Press. Reprinted with permission of University of California Press. Painter, John 1988 Public lecture, July 3, Winchester, Virginia. Tape-recorded. Printed with permission of Dr. John Painter. PPL-US_TCLOCM-FRANK_fm.qxd 9/13/2006 5:27 PM Page v For Michael Phillips, Oscar Brockett, and Deborah Kapchan, three teachers who pointed the way This page intentionally left blank PPL-US_TCLOCM-FRANK_fm.qxd 9/13/2006 5:27 PM Page vii C ONTENTS List of Figures ix Romanization and Pronunciation Guide xi Acknowledgments xiii Introduction 1 1. The Body: Daoism, Qi, and the Making of Social-Sensual Identities 21 2. Bodies, Lineages, Alleys 59 3. Park Lives and Secret Spaces 99 4. Barbaric Glass and Indecipherable Causes: Taijiquan 131 as Public Art 5. “Through Martial Arts We Will Become Friends”: 155 Taijiquan as Master Symbol of Modernity 6. Kung Fu Fantasies and Imagined Identities 189 7. Global Chinatown 205 8. Body Redux 235 Notes 243 PPL-US_TCLOCM-FRANK_fm.qxd 9/13/2006 5:27 PM Page viii viii Contents Appendix I: Wu Style Slow Taijiquan (Wu shi taiji man quan) Posture Names 261 Appendix II: JTA Lineage Chart 265 Appendix III: Literature of Interest on Martial Arts and Critical Race Theory 267 Glossary 273 Bibliography 281 Index 303 PPL-US_TCLOCM-FRANK_fm.qxd 9/13/2006 5:27 PM Page ix L F IST OF IGURES Figure 0.1 Diagram of the Supreme Ultimate (Taiji Tu) 17 Figure 1.1 Master Ma Pushing Hands with Teacher Lu at the JTA Demonstration, Shanghai Institute of Chinese Medicine, 1995 57 Figure 1.2 Teacher Qian Pushing Hands with Author at Monthly Meeting, Shanghai, 1995 57 Figure 2.1 Thursday Sword Class, Shanghai, 2001 97 Figure 3.1 Wu Style Taijiquan (JTA Space Marker), Shanghai People’s Park, 2001 116 Figure 4.1 Shanghai 1930 Street Scene: Neon Sign, 2001 151 Figure 4.2 Shanghai Urban Planning Exhibition Hall City Model, 2001 152 Figure 4.3 Bronze Girl, Ericsson Telecommunications Building, Shanghai, 2001 153 Figure 5.1 Banner, 2001 Zhengzhou International Shaolin Festival, the English Version of Which Reads “To Promote Chinese Martial Arts to Widen Opening and Accelerate Economic Development” 171 Figure 5.2 Chen Family Teacher with Corn, Chenjiagou, Henan Province, 2001 176