!• Phonology and Pronunciation 1.1 The consonants Tagalog has the following contrastive consonant sounds (shown in the table by their orthographic symbols). Stops in Tagalog are unaspirated, and unreleased in final position. The voiceless velar stop (k) often slightly fricates before vowels. The alveolartrill (r) has various pronunciations from a simple flapto a trill, closely resembling its Spanish counterpart. The orthographic sequences /ts/ and /dy/ represent the English sounds [ch] and respectively. In the table below, Alibata (native syllabary) equivalents are [j], givenaftereachphoneme. orthography ofthe balarila (Tagalog official grammar) in which a final glottal stop is represented two ways: 1. with words with final stress, with a circumflex accent {^) - mukhd 'face' [mukhd\ sird 'broken; bad' [si.rd'], and 2. with words with penultimate stress, with a grave accent ^ silo 'noose' [si:Jo '], bahald 'responsibility' [bahd.Ja'], Word final h. Tagalog words are not written with the glottal fiicative [h] word finally. An his inserted to the end ofa root, however, when a suffix -in or -an attaches to a root ending in a vowel (non- glottal stop). Notice the h insertionwiththe following suffixedroots: Root Rootwith suffix -in or-an linis 'clean' linisin 'to clean' sama 'accompany' samahan 'to accompany' gulo 'confiision' guluhin 'to confuse' tagd 'hide' [td:.go'] tagudn 'hide and seek' mukhd 'face' [mukhd mukhadn 'recognize bythe face' '] D and R. The consonants [d] and [r] often appear in native words as variants of the same underlying consonant. The consonant [d] may become [r] in vowel medial environments -* darating 'will come' comes from da-dating, makiramay 'to sympathize' comes fi'om maki-damay, karapatdn 'right' comes from ka-dapat-an, hubardn 'to undress someone' comes fi-omhubdd-an. Palatalization. The dental obstruents [t], [d], and [s] palatalize to [ch], [j] and [sh], respectively, before apalatal glide [y] or its orthographic equivalent [the unstressed vowel / followed by the glide y] - tiydn 'stomach' [chan], siyd 's/he' [sha], dyus 'juice' [fus], diyos 'god' [jos], diyeta 'diet' [fe:.ta], diydn 'there' [fan]. They do notpalatalize before a stressed vowel [/] -> tiya 'aunt' [ti:.ya\ Nasal assimilation. The velar nasal [ng or (N)] in the prefixes kasing- (kasiN-X mang- (maN-), nang" (naN-) andpang- (paN-) assimilates to the place ofarticulation ofthe first consonant ofthe root to which they attach. Before the labial consonants m,p, and 6, the nasal is labial [m] and before the dental consonants t, d, /, and s, the nasal is dental [n], with the velar consonants, before vowels (underlying glottal stop), and in all other environments, i.e. before velar or glottal stops, and glides, the nasal is velar [ng]. pang- + sindi panindi lighter mang- + buhay mamuhay to live; manage mang- +pili mamili to choose mang- -^paid mamald to beat; spank pang- + tall panali string pang- + kontra pangontra proof; preventative mang- + 'aso mangaso to huntwith dogs Metathesis. The infix -in- metathesizes to ni- before the lateral [1] - niluto = ll{in}utol, nilabadn = ll{in}aba-anl In the root tanim 'plant,' the [n] and [m] metathesize before the suffix -(h)an -^ tamndn . 'toplant.' N insertion. With the suffixation of-(hjin or -(hjan, an [n] is inserted before the suffix in a few vowel-final roots, sometimes accompanied by vowel loss - kasarinldn 'independence, individuality' = ka'Sarili-(h)an, sarilinin 'to monopolize, appropriate' = sarili + '(h)in, kunin Ho get' = kuha + '(h)in, halinhdn 'to replace; relieve' = halili + -(hjan, andpagtawanin 'to amuse' '=pag-tawa + -(hjin. 1.2 Vowels and stress Tagalog has five vowels in the native orthography often compared phonetically to the vowels of Spanish or Italian, /a/ a low, central vowel, /e/ a fi-ont mid vowel, /i/ a high fi-ont vowel, /o/ a mid back vowel, and /u/ a high back vowel. Before the arrival ofthe Spanish and Spanish loanwords, Tagalog was essentially a three-vowel language, [i] and [e], as [o] and [u] were alternative pronunciations ofthe same phoneme (contrastive vowel). The high variants /i/ and /u/ occurred in all places except word finally, where they dropped considerably to /e or lax i/ and /o/ respectively. As a language with a borrowed orthographic system, this phenomenon is represented in the orthography. This can be seen with the following derivations of the root gulo 'confiision; commotion; trouble' -> gumulo 'to trouble, molest' lg{um}uldl, guluhin 'totrouble, molest something' lgulO'(h)inL Two adjacent vowels will each comprise their own syllable. A glottal stop is usually inserted in carefiil speech between the vowels to separate the syllables, carefial speech will reveal that there are no vowel-initial syllables in the language - sadn 'where' [sa. 'an], bud 'whole' [bu. 'd], maamd 'tame' [ma, 'a:.mo']. Stress. Stress (syllable prominence) is contrastive in Tagalog -* baga 'lung' [bd:.ga'] ^ bagd [bagd'] 'tumor,' gdbi 'taro' [gd:.bi] ^ gabi 'night' [ga.bi]. Words in this dictionary will bear an accent mark on the final vowel for words with final stress. Words without an accent mark bear stress on the penultimate syllable. Words ending in a glottal stop show stress by the circumflex (a) accent for final stress and grave accent {a) for penultimate stress. When stress falls on an open syllable (syllable not closed with a consonant), the stressed vowel is lengthened (v:) -^ kalakal 'merchandise' [kaJd:.kal], halaman 'plant' [ha.ld:.man]. In addition to final and penultimate stress, Tagalog has what is called antepenultimate accompanying stress. Words with this stress type bear stress onthe final or penultimate syllable, but also have an additional prominent syllable (marked by pitch prominence or vowel length) -^ iisd 'only one,' danim 'only six,' upuan 'seat,' tdhanan 'home,' kutuhin 'one affected with lice,' mdalaman 'to understand,' mdpaluhod 'fall on one's knees.' The following minimal pairs will acquaint the reader with the various stresspatterns in Tagalog: kaibigan [ka. lbi.\gan] 'friend' (penultimate) kaibigdn [ka. IbLgdn] 'desire; preference' (final) kdibigdn [kd:. Ibi.gdn] 'mutual consent' (final + antepenultimate) kaibigan [ka. 'i:.bi:.gan] 'sweetheart' (penultimate + antepenultimate) baga [bd:.ga] 'glowing ember' (penultimate) bagd [ba.gd] 'interrogativeparticle' (final) bagd [bd:.ga] 'lung' (penultimate glottal) bagd [ba.gd] 'breasttumor' (final glottal) Stress shift. Stress may shift due to grammatical factors or withthe addition ofa suffix -(h)an, or -(h)in - sukat 'measure, root' [su:.kat] vs. sukdt 'measured, adjective' [su.kdt]\ tagpi 'patch, noun' [tagpi'] vs. tagpidn to patch, verb' [tagpi. 'dn], kuyom 'clenched, adjective' [kuy.om] vs. kuyumin 'to clench, verb' [ku.yu.min]. Vowel loss. With the addition ofthe suffixes -(hjin and -(hjan, final root vowels are lost in a few common cases, i.e. dald + -(hjan = dalhdn 'to carry,' sakdy + '(h)an = sakydn 'to ride,' tird + '(h)an = ftrMw 'to spare,' tingin + -fT^jaw = tingndn 'to look at, examine,' bigdy + -(??)a^2 = higydn 'to give,' gawd + "0^)1}% = gowm 'to do,' bill + -(Tijm = 6///zm 'to buy,' kain + -(?i)m = kanin 'to eat,' r/A7m + '(h)an = r/ATwdw 'to taste,' bukds + -(72)a/2 = buksdn 'to open.' Syllabification. Syllabification in Tagalog is relatively simple. The basic syllable shape is CV(C). Syllables consist minimally ofa vowel and consonantal onset (consonant before the vowel), two vowels cannot share a syllable. In orthographic vowel-initial syllables, a glottal stop (') is pronounced to provide the syllable with an onset. Consonant clusters are broken between syllables, but remember that the velar nasal [ng] is one consonantal segment which cannot be broken. - aanddp-anddp 'flickering' ['a. 'an,ddp, 'an,ddp\ dagildilin 'shove with the elbow' [da.gildllin], maglambingan 'to caress each other' [magJam.biJMgan], nardraanan 'passable' [ndTd:,ra/d:.nan\, makapdg-aral 'be able to study' [ma.ka.pdg. 'd:.ral\. Reduplication. Reduplication (repetition ofaword orword segment) is acommonmorphological device in Tagalog. Tagalog has both fiiU reduplication (reduplication ofthe entire root word) and partial reduplication. Words with fiill reduplication include mahiyd-hiyd 'to be a little ashamed' fi'om hiyd 'shame,' bahid-bahid 'fiall ofstains' from bahid 'stain, smear,' bahdy-bahdy 'from house to house' fi-om bahay 'house,' bahay-bahayan 'toy house,' from bahay 'house,' hati-hati 'divided into equal parts,' fi"om hati 'divide' andaraw-araw 'every day' from araw 'day.' Words with partial reduplication only reduplicate the first segment of the stem. There are no reduplicative suffixes in the language. Initial CV (consonant vowel) reduplication is the most common, butthere is also disyllabic reduplication(CVCV). Examples ofCV reduplication include - iitlog 'will lay an egg' ['/. Htlog] fi-om itlog 'egg,' kakantd 'will sing' from kantd 'sing,' nagbibigdy 'is giving' from bigdy 'give,' and pagbabago 'change' from bago 'new.' Examples of disyllabic partial redupUcation (CVCV) include - pa-Singa-Singapore 'keep going to Singapore,' magkahiwa-hiwaldy 'to get thoroughly separated,' andmagpakatahi-tahimik 'tryto beveryquiet.' Rubino, Carl. 1998 [2000]. Tagalog Standard New Dictionary. York: Hippocrene.