Contemporary Urban Affairs 2019, Volume 3, Number 2, pages 99– 107 Tafilelt, the Neo Traditional Model of Ksour in Algeria: Assessment of the Multi-functionality of Urban Spaces * PhD candidate SOUIDI MANEL1 and Dr. BESTANDJI SIHAM2 1 Laboratory of Mediterranean architecture (L.A.M), Institute of Architecture, Ferhat Abbas University, Setif 1, Algeria 2 Laboratory city and health, Faculty of Architecture, Salah Boubnider University, Constantine 3, Algeria E mail: [email protected] Email: [email protected] A R T I C L E I N F O: A B S T R A C T Article history: The new ksar of Tafilelt situated in Ghardaia in southern Algeria has attracted a Received 06 May2018 lot of interest in scientific work, being a « neo traditional » urban model that Accepted 25 June 2018 reproduces the principles of composition and spatial organization of the ksour in Available online 12 October the pentapolis of Ghardaia. This ksar embodies the adaptation between tradition 2018 and modernity: it refers to the local setting of the ksourien space production, contribute to the valorization of these ancient centers that date back to the XIth Keywords: century. Tafilelt; In parallel to the work of thesis undertaken on « the neo traditional models of Multifunctional Urban Spaces; reference in Algeria for the new cities », we ask the following questions according Neo Traditional Model; to the case of Tafilelt: Is this ksar really a model? Does it take the traditional model Algerian Ksour. fully? Is this indeed a new city? In addition, speaking about the concept of multi- functionality. How to detect this integral reproduction in the urban spaces between the old and the new ksar? This work will be an analytical reading of the spaces of this ksar according to the four concepts above, namely: the urban model of reference, the criteria of the new city, the criteria of the former ksour and the multi-use character of their spaces. We will try to apply the concept of multi-functionality on urban spaces in different This work is licensed under a scales to assess the multi-functionality of the ksar’s spaces in a comparative Creative Commons Attribution approach between the old and the new ksour. - NonCommercial - NoDerivs 4.0. "CC-BY-NC-ND" CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2019), 3(2), 99-107. Doi:10.25034/ijcua.2018.4706 www.ijcua.com Copyright © 2018 Contemporary Urban Affairs. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction mosque in the top and a marketplace (Souk). The M’zab Valley in Algeria contains the most The UNESCO listed them in the world heritage ancient urban centers in the world. The Ibadite since 1982 (Bouali-Messahel, 2011). Muslims have built these fortified cities in the XI Since the 1990s, the Algerian government the century after running of the Rostumids from constructed new ksour beyond the old cores their original settlement in western Algeria for many reasons (Gueliane, 2014): (Marçais, 2004). They tried to get along with the  Treat the crisis of housing due to the hard climate in the Sahara and kept the ksar’s houses for winter and the palm grove’s houses *Corresponding Author: for summer (Addad, 2013). The Mozabite built Institute of architecture, Setif 1 University, Algeria the ksour in the slope of the M’zab River to E-mail address: [email protected] protect them from the floods. Each ksar has several entrances and surveillance towers, a JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(2), 99-107 / 2019 increasing number of population. Ghardaïa is a well-known region in Algeria,  Improve the conditions of the since Marc Cote and André Ravéreau up to framework built. present, its ksour have fascinated many  Protect the cultural and natural values architects and planners who wrote on the of the tangible and intangible heritage of the M'zab and were inspired in their achievements. Valley. The M'zab is a Muslim community of the very  Have access to housing to the average conservative Ibadite Sect. They always have a class of Mozabite. tendency to build and go live in a new ksar if These ksour have a modern spatial the former is no longer enough for the new organization, different from the local typology population. The descendants of the same tribe in adaptation with the specific conditions in will then build the extension of their own city. Ghardaia. The introduction of the modern This community has since long respected a lifestyle recently participates in a standard “sustainable” lifestyle: wise recycling of composition in new housing and the new built household waste, use of local building up areas seems to be similar in the north or the materials and economical use of space. These south of Algeria, which leads to a lack of the criteria have advanced the work on the local identity in the architectural and the urban multifunctionality because density and multi- scale. use space go together. The pentapolis The local foundations or the Mozabite contains five former ksour: El Atteuf built in 1012, themselves, fighting the loss of their model of Melika in 1350, Bounoura in 1046, Beni Isguen in reference, tried to build new cities that 1347 and Ghardaia in 1048 (OPVM, 2017). The embodies the adaptation between tradition Algerian Government named the entire city and modernity. It is the case of Tafilelt, it after the last one. Guerrara (1631) and Berriane reproduces the traditional urban model of (1679) are located in a few kilometers from the ksour, this study attempts to assess the pentapolis (Chabi, 2008). The new ksour are multifuntionality of spaces in the new ksar Tinemmirine (1992) and Tafilelt (1997) fully according to the traditional model. completed and Thaounza (2004), which are The figure 1 is illustrated the structure of the the extension of Beni Isguen. The ksar of study about the urban models in the M’zab Ioumed (1995) belongs to Melika, Tineaâm Valley and its importance to preserve the local (2008) annexed to Bounoura. Finally, the ksar of heritage of this ancestral region. Hamrayat (1996), Agherm Ouazem (2007) and Ayrem Babaousmail (2008) located outside the Valley, belonging to the municipality of El Atteuf (Gueliane, 2015). 2.1 The new ksar of Tafilelt Tafilelt is a project initiated in 1997 by the “Amidoul” Foundation, completed in 2011 on an area of 22.5 hectares, it contains with the 1050 housing units intended for Mozabite young couples, non-existing equipment in the former ksour: Gym, party hall, madrasa, cultural center and an ecological park (Gueliane, 2014). The mode of funding to build the houses is tripartite between the government, the foundation and the population. Therefore, Tafilelt is not a new town, the foundation didn’t built it after a governmental decision and the Figure 1. Structure of the Study (Developed by Author). laws, which regulate the new cities in Algeria, are not applied on this ksar. It is a purely an initiative from the foundation and the 2. The Neo traditional urban model in inhabitants. It is winner of the first prize of the Ghardaia (Algeria) "sustainable city" to the Conference of Parties The first part of this study will attempt to present (COP) 22 in Marrakech, Morocco in 2017. Beni Isguen as an urban model and Tafilelt as This ksar is the extension of the ksar of Beni the modern adaptation of the fortified ancient Isguen. One of the objectives of Amidoul city and will demonstrate that the former ksour Foundation in the project was the were an urban model for the new ones. Souidi Manel and Bestandji Siham 100 JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(2), 99-107 / 2019 reinterpretation of the principles of urban According to Nora Gueliane, Tafilelt shares with planning in the local traditional housing Beni Isguen the same principles of planning to (Addad, 2013). The Intergenerational mix is also know: the compactness, templates, the one of the element keys of the house design in prospect and the integration to the site. We Tafilelt, it can accommodate two to three are going in this work to take interest to the first generations (Addad, 2011), we found after the principle of the “economical consumption of distribution of the housing that the social mix is space” which logically generates the principle rather absent in this project (Gueliane, 2014). of multifunctionality of spaces. During the construction of Tafilelt, some urban problems 2.2 The old ksar of Beni Isguen have been resolved thanks to the traditional urban planning. Beni Isguen is the fourth fortified city in the However, the constitution of the ksar of Tafilelt M’zab Valley, known by its ancient mosque demonstrates that this new urban model and its battlement of 2500 meter of length and aspires not only the protection, the three meter of higher including two principal enhancement and the sharing of the ksourien surveillance towers: Boulila and Badahmane heritage; it also revisits these cultural values for (OPVM, 2017). Its population is characterized an adaptation to a more modern life by quite strict behavior rules and morals framework. (Bouali-Messahel, 2011). Like the other ksour, Beni Isguen contains an important marketplace where the commercial transactions were organized weekly; it was one of the rare opportunities where Mozabite allow to strangers to come into the city. The commercial streets contain the daily activities (hairdresser, greengrocer and grocery store). The houses are the most important component of the ksar, closely positioned to avoid the winds, built in gradient in the slope of the valley from the bottom until the top where the Figure 3: General view at Tafilelt at left and Beni Isguen at mosque is symbolically situated. It constitutes right (Author, 2017). one of the last traditional ksourien model built The table 1 attempts to compare between by the mozabite. Beni Isguen and Tafilelt according to several In his book "A city fulfils its Valley: Ghardaia " elements both in architectural an urban scale. Marc Cote (2002) said that the ksar is a module This information have been gathered during that is reproducible, organized in trilogy the visit to Ghardaia in December 2017 from between the river, the ksar (the winter’s documents provided by the architects who settlement) and the Palme grove, which is the work in the OPVM (Office for the Promotion of summer’s settlement where the presence of the M'zab Valley). See table ‘1’, in Appendix the freshness mitigates the heat of the Sahara. ‘A’, and this comparison provides us the Each module is independent and limited. The following information: extension of each former ksar by a new and the description of Marc Cote confirms that the M'zab Valley has well and truly, a reference  At an urban scale, Beni Isguen was a model reproducible for its new cities. model of reference to Tafilelt in the site choice and implantation. The new settlement could protect the rare agricultural lands in the Valley from urban sprawl and because of the economic situation of its inhabitants, it has been yearly occupied and more appropriate for the modern lifestyle. It is also a way to guarantee a multifunctionality of land use. The urban landscape was respected because it refers to the model of reference and the ethics of Mozabite, the homogeneous height and Figure 2: Situation of the two ksour with the distance between them. (Chabi, 2008) colors of facades reflect equality between families. Souidi Manel and Bestandji Siham 101 JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(2), 99-107 / 2019  The main streets in Tafilelt are wider multifunctional land use MLU" or the concept of than in Beni Isguen. In fact, each household multifunctional use of urban space. It was has a car in the ksar, the large dimensions of inspired by the agriculture field where it was the streets guarantee a mechanical largely applied to increase the rural production accessibility. (Dufour et al., 2007). It encourages a model of  There are many places in Tafilelt a compact city with diverse functions dispersed between the neighborhoods unlike especially with a synergy between the Beni Isguen where a main place was the public proposed functions (H. de Groot, 2004). space for all users. Recently, MLU inspires urbanists in sustainable  At an architectural scale, and thanks to urban planning because it breaks with the the social cohesion between the Mozabite, zoning design of the modern style, cause of the Beni Isguen still a model of reference to Tafilelt urban sprawl (Jacobs, 1961). This concept has with an adaptation to the modern lifestyle, the also other benefits: reduces the need for new differences between Beni Isguen’s houses and constructions, increases the density in urban Tafilelt’s houses are minimal (the existence of a areas and leads to more cities that are vital garage and a yard in the new houses). economically and socially (Batty et al., 2003).  The neotraditional house is more The assessment of MLU in urban spaces uses spacious and occupies the whole first floor; it the aspects below (Ghafouri, 2016): also contains a laundry room in the terrace.  Space: which is the most important At the end, we may conclude that Tafilelt is a topic; the study area is a place, a street, a neo traditional urban model of ksour in Algeria building, a house, a room, a terrace or even a even if it is not a new town; this ksar could sidewalk. It could be open or closed, public or preserve the traditional model in either the private. architectural or the urban dimensions with a  Time: in architecture, an activity occurs successful adaptation of the current life in a time framework (Ghafouri, 2016): during framework. It reproduces symbolically some the day or the night, during a week, a month, a elements in order to maintain the heritage season or all over the year. conservation. This project has broken with the  Function: a space could have various current Algerian policy of standard housing. functions; we can distinguish different types of Therefore, one of the ancient concepts that activities that occur in a space: necessary and Tafilelt maintains is the diversity of its activities in functional, optional or social activities (Gehl, a limited space. Inside the ksar, the inhabitants 2011). tried to project all their needs in order to create  Users: the people that are occupying an urban diversity and a functional mix. the space could be recognized according to their gender (men or women), or age (children, 3 Assessment of multi-functionality young or elderly person). between the ksour of Ghardaia  Scale: Basically, there are three scales The second part of the study approaches the in urban studies: architectural scale (the concept of multi-functionality in general and in building analysis), neighborhood scale and the two ksour of Ghardaia in particular in order urban scale (at the level of a town or city). to assess this concept between the traditional  Legal status: it refers to who owns the and the neo traditional models. concerned space; this could give us an idea Multifuntionality as a concept has several roots about the importance, accessibility and flow of (Ghafouri, 2016): some authors consider it as an a space. old architectural concept in urban areas by In fact, there is a close relationship between relating it to the ancient Greek or medieval time, space and function to characterize the constructions (Zeidler, 1985), others consider it multifunctionality. For this reason, we will as the ability of spaces to fulfill more than one consider those three aspects in addition to function simultaneously (L. Grant, 2010). users to assess MLU in the two cases. We The concept of the mixed and compact town already divide the study according to the scale appears with the "smart growth" in the United and will mention, but not consider the legal States at the beginning of the 1990s, it status. emphasis on diversity of use and urban 3.1 Multifunctionality in Beni Isguen functions with the creation of a favorable Like other ancient cores, Beni Isguen is environment for pedestrians. This concept had compact with a mixed uses. This returns to the an echo in Europe and with a Dutch then a climatic conditions of Ghardaia in one hand German evolution that it becomes the "urban and the principle of land economy in another Souidi Manel and Bestandji Siham 102 JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(2), 99-107 / 2019 hand. The table 2 studies the aspects of the madrasa who were included in the mosque multifunctionality in the old ksar in the most in ancient times. The yard, the garage and the important and significant spaces. We will laundry room in the house have one function, consider each type of space according to the previously, their activities were practiced in the degree of its multi-use: patio.  A functional space is considered with Fortunately, in urban scale, Tafilelt was a the sign (0) because it does not contribute to multifunctional neo traditional model: the multifunctionality of the ksar. However, it  The annual occupation densifies the has a function, few users and one occupation ksar with multiuses and protects the palm grove time at a long period (week, month or season). from urban sprawl and consumption of  A multifunctional space is considered agricultural lands. with the sign (+) because it has more than one  The reuse of symbolic elements like the function, attracts different types of users who surveillance towers also increase the occupy it in different time a year. multifunctional land use after their occasional  A mono functional space is considered use. with the sign (-), this kind of spaces have only  The introduction of new equipment one function intended for one kind of users and helps reach the intense land uses in a limited rarely occupied. space (inside the ksar’s limits) and an The study will not treat in an exhaustive manner adaptation of the modern life (the ecological the gradation of each degree of park, the gym for young and children). multifunctionality for the amenities of the presentation. The next table represents the 1. Conclusion different ksourien spaces with a description of This work tries to respond to the questions their aspects. See table ‘2’, Appendix ‘A’. formulated previously, namely if the former ksour were urban models for the new and confirms the hypothesis, that Tafilelt is really a 3.2 Multifunctionality in Tafilelt neo traditional model by its modern Tafilelt follows an orthogonal tracing, reinterpretation of the ksourien space. hierarchical wider ways with a compactness In the first part of the work, we have due to the land economy. New equipment demonstrated that Tafilelt is not a new city appear in the new ksar and the mosque according to the Algerian regulations, but it always keeps the summit of the ksar. takes Beni Isguen as an urban model of The table 3 resumes the same aspects with the reference thanks to the social cohesion same considerations mentioned above in between the Mozabite who still respect their Tafilelt architectural and urban spaces. See social and cultural heritage references. We table ‘3’, in Appendix ‘A’. have also been able to raise the criteria of multifunctionality of a space in the old centers. In the second part, we checked the 3.3. Results multifunctionality of spaces in the old and the This study shows that the logic behind the new ksar in a comparative approach construction of the traditional cores is implied. according to the raised and applied criteria of A ksar is always a reflection of deep social, MLU in both architectural and urban scale. cultural and religious values. The intention to These results showed that a neo traditional separate between the architectural and the model could preserve the ancient advantages urban scale was hard in this case because the of the traditional model (the site choice, the traditional design thinks simultaneously the implantation, the spatial organization in the micro and the macro scale. It is a complex traditional house, marketplaces and stores). It thought that users practice to build their also develops some modern criteria and settlement long time ago, different from the integrates them with the traditional linear planning of towns nowadays. advantages (the yard and garage in the house Tafilelt respects integrally the traditional model and the gym, cultural center and the and reflects perfectly the multifunctionality of ecological park, which is a leisure area and an its spaces mostly in the architectural scale using opportunity to increase the agricultural land in the same spaces: patio, terrace, reception addition to the palm grove) rooms, and kitchen with the same traditional concept. The neo traditional ksar has indeed mono functional spaces like the cultural center and Souidi Manel and Bestandji Siham 103 JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(2), 99-107 / 2019 Acknowledgment ed=2ahUKEwiAyY2AoNHeAhUSLBoKHXLpDw8 I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr. QFjAAegQICRAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww. BESTANDJI Siham, my Ph.D director for her time, enhr.net%2Fdocuments%2F2011%2520France help and support to accomplish this article and %2FWS09%2FPaper-Mounia%2520BOUALI- to Dr. Hourakhsh Ahmad Nia, chairman of MESSAHEL- the ICCAUA2018 conference, for all his help WS09.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1Gg5GAIMd0ORL5gT and understanding. This research did not 9uEk3d receive any specific grant from funding Brandt, J., & Vejre, H. (2004). Multifunctional agencies in the public, commercial, or non-for- landscapes - motives, concepts and profit sectors. perceptions. In J. Brandt, & H. Vejre (Eds.), Multifunctional Landscapes: Volume 1 Theory, Values and History, 3-32. Southhampton, UK: References WIT Press. Advances in Ecological Sciences, Addad, M.C. (2011a). Les anciens et les Vol. 1. Retrieved from nouveaux ksour: étude comparative. Cas du https://forskning.ruc.dk/en/publications/multif M’zab [Old and new ksour : comparative unctional-landscapes-motives-concepts-and- study. 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Occupation Seasonal occupation, the house in the ksar is only Annual occupation, the households have average B occupied during the winter. incomes and thus occupy the house during all the year (permanent habitat). A Battlement Of a simple form, unified for all ksour. The simple form is respected for the battlement; a and towers tower is built symbolically for the seat of the Amidoul N (Defensive foundation. elements) Doors Five doors including two principal ones: the eastern A principal door is built to symbolize one of the and the western. elements of the ksar, which takes part in the preservation of the traditional urban frontage. S Streets, alleys Have only one function, which is the service road and Hierarchical streets larger than the reference model and dead cannot be occupied by another function. streets to allow the mechanical access. C ends Mosque Located in the western part of the ksar at the highest It occupies the eastern part is of the ksar. A level. Market On a week, the public place is the market of the ksar. On a week, the public place is the market of the L Stranger traders can get into to sell their products. ksar. Places The only public place in the ksar is a marketplace and Several hierarchical places in the whole ksar to E a men’s gathering place. promote the social mix. Wells Several water points are located in the ksar for water The wells are only symbolic elements in the new ksar. supply. Urban Must be homogeneous in the height of the Must be homogeneous in the height of the landscape constructions, the colors of the facades and terraces. constructions, the colors of the facades and terraces. stores and It is forbidden to open a store for noisy activities or an They are located in the parties giving on the streets commercial activity that may generate waste inside the ksar. and the marketplaces and are not allowed to be in streets the heart of the Ilot. funerary Near to the cemetery, it is destined for the dead’s Non-existent in the new ksar. mosques prayer. Residential An organic form and are almost all similar. A regular form with three variants (three, four or five space (houses) rooms in the house). A The houses Develop in two levels maximum and all their spaces Develop in two levels maximum and all their spaces are functional. are functional and more spacious than the former R houses. Entry The entry creates an intermediary space for a A corridor communicates directly between the entry C separation between the inside and the outside, which and the patio. may also be occupied in the summer because of its H freshness. Distribution The ground floor is the space the most used by women The ground floor distributes the spaces from the I especially during the day, the rooms are organized patio; we also find a court and a garage. The first around a central space in the middle of the house, floor is closed and completely occupied by the T which is open in the ceiling (patio). There is a room rooms and gives access to the terrace. dedicated for the reception of women and relatives. E The first floor is more reserved for the newlyweds where its parts are organized around a covered gallery and C thus gives access to the terrace and has a room for the receipt of men and of foreigners. This room can also be T located on the ground floor far from women's daily activities. U Building Economical use of local materials (stone, palm wood Introduction of the concrete and use of terracotta materials and lime). brick, lime, plaster and cement. R Terrace The terrace must be horizontal any other form is An open terrace and includes a laundry. prohibited. It also includes a corridor reserved for A household tasks in winter. Front and Must be similar and harmonious for all the ksar’s houses, They still belong to the public domain and must L external following a local typology. therefore be similar, harmonious and homogeneous. openings The openings are larger protected by S moucharabiah. C A L E Table 2: The analysis of the multifunctionality in Beni Isguen according to their aspects. Scale Spaces Time Functions Users Considerati on U Ksar Seasonal occupation Necessary/Optional/ All types of users (+) R (winter) Social functions B Battlement and Occasional occupation Necessary function Young men who (-) Souidi Manel and Bestandji Siham 106 JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(2), 99-107 / 2019 A towers (Defensive (of surveillance) volunteer to survey the N elements) ksar Streets, alleys and All day except afternoon Necessary function All users/ (-) S dead ends while the inhabitants of the Women use often the C ksar stay at home alleys and dead ends A more than main streets L Mosque Permanent occupation Necessary/Optional/ Generally men at (+) E Social functions different ages and children Market Weekly occupation Necessary/Optional/ Generally men at (+) Social functions different ages and children Places Occasional occupation Optional/ Social Men/children (+) functions stores and Permanent occupation Optional/ Social All users (0) commercial streets functions funerary mosques Occasional occupation Social function Men (-) Residential space Permanent occupation Necessary/Optional/ All users (+) (houses) Social functions Archite Rooms At night Optional function All users (0) ctural Entry Occasional occupation Optional function Women at different ages, (0) Scale men use it as a passage Patio Daily occupation Necessary/Optional/ Women generally (+) Social functions Terrace Permanent occupation Necessary/Optional/ All users (+) Social functions Kitchen Daily occupation Necessary function Women only (0) Table 3: The analysis of the multifunctionality in Tafilelt according to their aspects. Scale Spaces Time Functions Users Considerat ion U Ksar Annual occupation Necessary/Optional/ All types of users (+) R Social functions B Battlement and towers Daily occupation Symbolic/ optional The foundation members (+) A (The seat of the foundation) functions N Streets, alleys and dead ends Permanent Necessary/Optional/ All types of users (+) occupation Social functions S Mosque Permanent Necessary/Optional/ Generally men at different (+) C occupation Social functions ages and children A Market Weekly occupation Necessary function Generally men at different (0) L ages and children E Places Daily occupation Optional/ Men/children (+) Social functions stores and commercial streets Daily occupation Necessary/Optional/ All types of users (+) Social functions Residential space (houses) Permanent Necessary/Optional/ All types of users (+) occupation Social functions Ecological park Occasional Optional/ All types of users (+) occupation Social functions Party hall Occasional Optional/ All types of users (0) occupation Social functions Gym Occasional Optional/ Young men and children (0) occupation Social functions Cultural center Occasional Optional/ Men at different ages and (0) occupation Social functions children Archite Rooms At night Optional function All users (0) ctural Entry Occasional Optional function Men and women use it as a (0) occupation passage Scale Patio Daily occupation Necessary/Optional/ Women generally (+) Social functions Terrace Permanent Necessary/Optional/ All users (+) occupation Social functions Kitchen Daily occupation Necessary function Women only (0) Garage Occasional Optional function All users (0) occupation Yard Seasonal Optional function All users (-) occupation Souidi Manel and Bestandji Siham 107