Tacit Knowledge and Spoken Discourse 99778811444411112288440099__PPrree__FFiinnaall__ttxxtt__pprriinntt..iinndddd ii 99//2200//22001122 33::4455::1133 PPMM Also Available From Bloomsbury Continuum Companion to Discourse Analysis , Edited by Ken Hyland and Brian Paltridge Available in paperback as Bloomsbury Companion to Discourse Analysis Discourse of Twitter and Social Media , Michele Zappavigna 99778811444411112288440099__PPrree__FFiinnaall__ttxxtt__pprriinntt..iinndddd iiii 99//2200//22001122 33::4455::1133 PPMM Tacit Knowledge and Spoken Discourse Michele Zappavigna LONDON (cid:129) NEW DELHI (cid:129) NEW YORK (cid:129) SYDNEY 99778811444411112288440099__PPrree__FFiinnaall__ttxxtt__pprriinntt..iinndddd iiiiii 99//2200//22001122 33::4455::1133 PPMM Bloomsbury Academic An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square 175 Fifth Avenue London New York WC1B 3DP NY 10010 UK USA www.bloomsbury.com First published 2013 © Michele Zappavigna, 2013 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Michele Zappavigna has asserted her right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identifi ed as Author of this work. No responsibility for loss caused to any individual or organization acting on or refraining from action as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by Bloomsbury Academic or the author. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. EISBN: 978-1-4411-6102-4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Zappavigna, Michele. Tacit knowledge and spoken discourse / Michele Zappavigna. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4411-2840-9 (hardcover) – ISBN 978-1-4411-2383-1 (ebook) – ISBN 978-1-4411-6102-4 (pdf) 1. Discourse analysis. 2. Silence. 3. Knowledge, Theory of. 4. Conversation analysis. 5. Speech acts (Linguistics) I. Title. P302.Z36 2013 401’.41–dc23 2012035233 Typeset by Newgen Imaging Systems Pvt Ltd, Chennai, India Printed and bound in Great Britain 99778811444411112288440099__PPrree__FFiinnaall__ttxxtt__pprriinntt..iinndddd iivv 99//2200//22001122 33::4455::1144 PPMM Th is book is dedicated to three fi ne men: my grandfather Allan Roy Horton and my sons Orlando and Joseph 99778811444411112288440099__PPrree__FFiinnaall__ttxxtt__pprriinntt..iinndddd vv 99//2200//22001122 33::4455::1144 PPMM 99778811444411112288440099__PPrree__FFiinnaall__ttxxtt__pprriinntt..iinndddd vvii 99//2200//22001122 33::4455::1144 PPMM Contents Acknowledgements ix 1 Tacit Knowledge and Technology 1 2 Under-Representation: A Functional Model of Tacit Knowledge 44 3 Misaligned Agency: Tacit Knowledge in Knowledge Management 77 4 Whose Requirements? Tacit Knowledge in Requirements Analysis 106 5 Working Well: Tacit Knowledge in Performance Reviews 155 6 Conclusion 1 84 Appendix A: Th e Grammar-Targeted Interview Protocol 189 Appendix B: Interview Topics, Field Study 2 1 90 Appendix C: Statistical Analysis of Interview Corpora 192 Appendix D: Transitivity of Clauses Containing ‘Requirements’ 194 Appendix E: Extracts in which ‘Requirements’ are Construed as Aspects of the System 196 Appendix F: Response to a Question about Knowledge Transfer, Project Manager, Content-Targeted Interview 2 1 98 Appendix G: Participants and Processes in Clauses about ‘Tracing’ 200 Appendix H: Interview Topics, Field Study 3 2 01 Appendix I: Transitivity of Clauses Containing ‘Role’ 205 Bibliography 208 Index 217 99778811444411112288440099__PPrree__FFiinnaall__ttxxtt__pprriinntt..iinndddd vviiii 99//2200//22001122 33::4455::1144 PPMM 99778811444411112288440099__PPrree__FFiinnaall__ttxxtt__pprriinntt..iinndddd vviiiiii 99//2200//22001122 33::4455::1144 PPMM Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge and thank my PhD supervisor, Professor Jon Patrick, whose generous help and guidance allowed me to complete the thesis upon which this book is based. 99778811444411112288440099__PPrree__FFiinnaall__ttxxtt__pprriinntt..iinndddd iixx 99//2200//22001122 33::4455::1144 PPMM