T. S. Eliot and Christian Tradition T. S. Eliot and Christian Tradition Edited by Benjamin G. Lockerd FAIRLEIGHDICKINSONUNIVERSITYPRESS Madison•Teaneck PublishedbyFairleighDickinsonUniversityPress CopublishedwithRowman&Littlefield 4501ForbesBoulevard,Suite200,Lanham,Maryland20706 www.rowman.com 10ThornburyRoad,PlymouthPL67PP,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2014byRowman&Littlefield Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformorbyany electronicormechanicalmeans,includinginformationstorageandretrievalsystems, withoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher,exceptbyareviewerwhomayquote passagesinareview. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationInformationAvailable LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData T.S.EliotandChristianTradition/editedbyBenjaminG.Lockerd. pagescm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-1-61147-611-8(cloth:alk.paper)--ISBN978-1-61147-612-5(electronic) 1.Eliot,T.S.(ThomasStearns),1888-1965--Religion.2.Christianityandliterature.I.Lockerd, BenjaminG.,1950-editorofcompilation. PS3509.L43Z8724562014 821'.912--dc23 2014005185 TMThepaperusedinthispublicationmeetstheminimumrequirementsofAmerican NationalStandardforInformationSciencesPermanenceofPaperforPrintedLibrary Materials,ANSI/NISOZ39.48-1992. PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica Contents Acknowledgments vii Introduction 1 BenjaminG.Lockerd I:EliotandAnglo-Catholicism 1 T.S.EliotandCatholicity 33 WilliamBlissett 2 Catholicity:APrécis 53 WilliamBlissett II:FrenchCatholicInfluences 3 T.S.EliotandtheFrenchCatholicRevival:1910–1911Paris 59 JohnMorgenstern 4 EliotandMaurrasonClassicism 77 WilliamMarx 5 T.S.Eliot,theActionFrançaise,andNeo-Scholasticism 89 Shun’ichiTakayanagi,S.J. 6 An“OrganforaFrenchifiedDoctrine”:JacquesMaritain andTheCriterion’sNeo-Thomism 99 JamesMatthewWilson III:ChristianTradition 7 TheMindThatSuffers,theMindThatCreates,andthe MindofEurope:T.S.Eliot’sUseofAristotle’sDeAnima 119 WilliamCharron 8 T.S.EliotandJohnHenryNewman 131 LeeOser 9 T.S.Eliot,CharlesWilliams,andDante’sWayofLove 145 DominicManganiello 10 T.S.Eliot,W.R.Lethaby,andSacredArchitecture 163 HazelAtkins v vi Contents IV:CultureandReligion 11 BackgroundstoTheIdeaofaChristianSociety:Charles Maurras,ChristopherDawson,andJacquesMaritain 179 ChristopherMcVey 12 Between“Absolutism”and“ImpossibleTheocracy”: HierarchyinEliot’sAnglo-Catholicism 195 AndersonAraujo 13 Eliot’sChristianSociologyandtheProblemofNationalism 207 PaulRobichaud 14 BeyondPolitics:T.S.EliotandChristopherDawsonon ReligionandCulture 217 BenjaminG.Lockerd V:Contemporaries 15 PoetryandReligioninGeorgeSantayanaandT.S.Eliot 239 JamesSeaton 16 “ALongJourneyAfoot”:ThePilgrimagestoward OrthodoxyofT.S.EliotandPaulElmerMore 251 DavidHuisman 17 C.S.Lewis’sAppreciationofT.S.Eliot 265 CharlesA.Huttar 18 EliotforDavidJones 285 ThomasDilworth Bibliography 301 Index 317 AbouttheContributors 325 Acknowledgments Severaloftheessaysinthiscollectionwerefirstpresentedataconference onT.S.Eliotheldatmyschool,GrandValleyStateUniversity,andatthe Russell Kirk Center. I am grateful to GVSU for its sponsorship of that conferenceandtoAnnetteKirk,presidentoftheRussellKirkCenter,for co-hosting.EliotandHisAge,RussellKirk’scriticalbiography,hashad,as the reader will see, a marked influence on many of the contributors to thisvolume.Certainlythatbookhasbeencentraltomyownunderstand- ingofEliot.Mrs.Kirkhasfurtheredherlatehusband’sintellectuallegacy bymakingitpossibleformanyvisitingscholarstodoresearchandwrit- ingintherichlyconduciveatmosphereoftheKirkCenter. Ithankthecontributorstothisvolume,whohaveshownthevirtuesof patience and hope over the years it has taken for the book to be pub- lished. I am fortunate to have worked with this remarkable group of scholars,someofthemstillingraduateschoolwhentheysubmittedtheir contributions and others long-established critics. Particular thanks must be given to the elder statesman of the group, Professor William Blissett, the author of the lead essay, which serves to define Anglo-Catholicism and adumbrate the religious milieu in which Eliot immersed himself. I wasfortunatetobeastudentofBlissett’sattheUniversityofToronto—as were two of the other contributors, Thomas Dilworth and Paul Robi- chaud—so he has had an influence on a whole generation (or two) of scholars. At the other end of the timeline are younger writers who are alreadymakingtheirvoicesheardwithstrikingauthority. Ihavebeen fortunateineditingthisvolumetohavetheassistanceof several graduate assistants, who made my work much easier and more pleasurable: Jonathan Whitmer, Noelle Kasa, Karie Luidens, and Sarah Slachter.Many,manythanks. SeveralofmycolleaguesatGVSUhavebeenagreathelptomeinthe process of editing this book. I want to thank in particular William Mori- sonandRobertFranciosi. Thisprojectwouldneverhavebeenachievedwithouttheencourage- mentandinspirationofmywife,MichelineLockerd.Everythingaround hercomestolife. —BGL ******* vii viii Acknowledgments Theeditorgratefullyacknowledgespermissiontoquotefromthefollow- ingworks: ExcerptsfromPoemsbyC.S.Lewis,copyright©C.S.LewisPte.Ltd. 1964,renewed1992,reprintedbypermissionofTheC.S.LewisCompany andHoughtonMifflinPublishingCompany.Allrightsreserved. Excerpts from The Complete Poems and Plays, 1909-1962 by T. S. Eliot, copyright©1950byT.S.Eliot,renewed1978byEsmeValerieEliot,used by permission of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company and FaberandFaberLtd.Allrightsreserved. Excerpts from Inventions of the March Hare: Poems 1909-1917 by T. S. Eliot,copyright©1996byValerieEliot,usedbypermissionofHoughton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company and Faber and Faber Ltd. All rightsreserved. ExcerptsfromChristianityandCulturebyT.S.Eliot,copyright©1939, 1948 by T. S. Eliot, renewed 1967, 1976 by Esme Valerie Eliot, used by permission of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company and Fa- berandFaberLtd.Allrightsreserved. Excerpts from Religion and Culture, Beyond Politics, Progress and Relig- ion, and Religion and the Modern State by Christopher Dawson reprinted bypermissionofTheCatholicUniversityofAmericaPress. Excerpts from the letters of David Jones reprinted by permission of thetrusteesoftheDavidJonesEstate. Excerpts from The Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri, translated by Allen Mandelbaum, copyright © 1980 by Allen Mandelbaum, used by permissionofBantamBooks,adivisionofRandomHouse,Inc.Anythird partyuseofthismaterial,outsideofthispublication,isprohibited.Inter- estedpartiesmustapplydirectlytoRandomHouse,Inc.forpermission. Excerpts from All Hallows’ Eve by Charles Williams reprinted by per- missionoftheDavidHighamAgency. Excerpt from “Letter to Lord Byron” by W. H. Auden, copyright © 1937 by W. H. Auden and Louis MacNeice, renewed, reprinted by per- missionofCurtisBrown,Ltd.