SYSTEMATIC ORGANISATION OF INFORMATION IN FUZZY SYSTEMS NATO Science Series A series presenting the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO Science Programme. The series is published by IOS Press and Kluwer Academic Publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division. Sub-Series I. Life and Behavioural Sciences IOS Press II. Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry Kluwer Academic Publishers III. Computer and Systems Sciences IOS Press IV. Earth and Environmental Sciences Kluwer Academic Publishers V. Science and Technology Policy IOS Press The NATO Science Series continues the series of books published formerly as the NATO ASI Series. The NATO Science Programme offers support for collaboration in civil science between scientists of countries of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council. The types of scientific meeting generally supported are "Advanced Study Institutes" and "Advanced Research Workshops", although other types of meeting are supported from time to time. The NATO Science Series collects together the results of these meetings. The meetings are co-organized by scientists from NATO countries and scientists from NATO's Partner countries - countries of the CIS and Central and Eastern Europe. Advanced Study Institutes are high-level tutorial courses offering in-depth study of latest advances in a field. Advanced Research Workshops are expert meetings aimed at critical assessment of a field, and identification of directions for future action. As a consequence of the restructuring of the NATO Science Programme in 1999, the NATO Science Series has been re-organized and there are currently five sub-series as noted above. Please consult the following web sites for information on previous volumes published in the series, as well as details of earlier sub-series: http://www.nato.int/science http://www.wkap.nl http://www.iospress.nl http://www.wtv-books.de/nato_pco.htm Series III: Computer and Systems Sciences - Vol. 184 ISSN: 1387-6694 Systematic Organisation of Information in Fuzzy Systems Edited by Pedro Melo-Pinto Universidade de Tras-os-Montes e Alto Douro/CETAV, Vila Real, Portugal Horia-Nicolai Teodorescu Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania and Technical University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania and Toshio Fukuda Center for Cooperative Research in Advance Science and Technology, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan IOS P r e s s Ohmsha Amsterdam • Berlin • Oxford • Tokyo • Washington, DC Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Systematic Organisation of Information in Fuzzy Systems 24–26 October 2001 Vila Real, Portugal © 2003, IOS Press All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior written permission from the publisher. ISBN 1 58603 295 X (IOS Press) ISBN 4 274 90546 2 C3055 (Ohmsha) Library of Congress Control Number: 2002112582 Publisher IOS Press Nieuwe Hemweg 6B 1013 BG Amsterdam Netherlands fax:+31 20 620 3419 e-mail: Preface Several developments in recent years require essential progresses in the field of information processing, especially in information organization and aggregation. The Artificial Intelligence (A.I.) domain relates to the way humans process information and knowledge and is aiming to create machines that can perform tasks similar to humans in information processing and knowledge discovery. A.I. specifically needs new methods for information organization and aggregation. On the other hand, the information systems in general, and the Internet-based systems specifically, have reached a bottleneck due to the lack of the right tools for selecting the right information, aggregating information, and making use of the results of these operations. In a parallel development, cognitive sciences, behavioral science, economy, sociology and other human-related sciences need new theoretical tools to deal with and better explain how humans select, organize and aggregate information in relation to other information processing tasks, to goals and to knowledge the individuals have. Moreover, methods and tools are needed to determine how the information organization and aggregation processes contribute building patterns of behavior of individuals, groups, companies and society. Understanding such behaviors will much help in developing robotics, in clarifying the relationships humans and robots may or should develop, and in determining how robotic communities can aggregate in the near future. Several methods and tools are currently in use to perform information aggregation and organization, including neural networks, fuzzy and neuro-fuzzy systems, genetic algorithms and evolutionary programming. At least two new domains are present today in the field of information processing: analysis of self-organization and information generation and aggregation in dynamical systems, including large dynamical systems, and data mining and knowledge discovery. This volume should be placed in this context and in relation to the development of fuzzy systems theory, specifically for the development of systems for information processing and knowledge discovery. The contributors to this volume review the state of the art and present new evolutions and progresses in the domain of information processing and organization in and by fuzzy systems and other types of systems using uncertain information. Moreover, information aggregation and organization by means of tools offered by fuzzy logic are dealt with. The volume includes four parts. In the first, introductory part of the volume, in three chapters, general issues are addressed from a wider perspective. The second part of the volume is devoted to several fundamental aspects of fuzzy information and its organization, and includes chapters on the semantics of the information, on information quality and relevance, and on mathematical models and computer science approaches to the information representation and aggregation processes. The chapters in the third part are emphasizing methods and tools to perform information organization, while the chapters in the fourth part have the primary objective to present applications in various fields, from robotics to medicine. Beyond purely fuzzy logic based approaches, the use of neuro-fuzzy systems in information processing and organization is reflected in several chapters in the volume. The volume addresses in the first place the graduate students, doctoral students and researchers in computer science and information science. Researchers and doctoral students in other fields, like cognitive sciences, robotics, nonlinear dynamics, control theory and economy may be interested in several chapters in this volume. Acknowledgments Thanks are due to the sponsors of the workshop, in the first place NATO Scientific Affairs Division, as well as to the local sponsors, including the University of Tras-os- Montes e Alto Douro/CETAV in Vila Real, Vila Real community, and the Ministry of Science, Portugal. The University of Tras-os-Montes e Alto Douro/CETAV (UTAD) in Vila Real, Portugal, and the Technical University of Iasi, Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications, Iasi, Romania, have been co-organizers of the NATO workshop. A special mention for the gracious cooperation of the Rector of the University of Tras-os- Montes e Alto Douro/CETAV, Prof. Torres Pereira, for the Vice-Rector of the same university, Prof. Mascarenhas Ferreira, and for the very kind and active support of Prof. Bulas-Cruz, Head of the Engineering Department at UTAD. We gratefully acknowledge the contribution of the Engineering Department of UTAD and the Group of Laboratories for Intelligent Systems and Bio-Medial Engineering, Technical University of Iasi, Romania. Specifically, we acknowledge the work of several colleagues in the Engineering Department of UTAD and in the Group of Laboratories for Intelligent Systems and Bio-Medial Engineering of the University of Iasi in the organization of this NATO workshop. Special thanks to Mr. J. Paulo Moura, who edited the Proceedings volume of the Workshop, and to Mr. Radu Corban, system engineer, who helped establishing and maintaining the web page of the Workshop. Also, we acknowledge the work of several colleagues in the Group of Laboratories for Intelligent Systems and Bio-Medial Engineering of University of Iasi in reviewing and frequently retyping parts of the manuscript of this book. Thanks are due to the group of younger colleagues helping with the internal reviewing process, namely Mr. Bogdan Branzila, Mrs. Oana Geman, and Mr. Irinel Pletea. The help of Mr. Branzila, who, as a young researcher at the Institute of Theoretical Informatics, has had the task to help correct the final form of the manuscript, has been instrumental in the last months of preparation of the manuscript. Last but not least, thanks are due to all those in the IOS Press editorial and production departments who helped during the publication process; we had a very fruitful and pleasant cooperation with them and they have always been very supportive. June 2002 Pedro Melo-Pinto Horia-Nicolai Teodorescu Toshio Fukuda My deepest thanks to Prof. Horia-Nicolai Teodorescu, a friend, for all the help and support along these months, and for all the wonderful work he (and his team) did with this volume. A special thank you to Prof. Toshio Fukuda for cherishing, from the very first time, this project. June 2002 Pedro Melo-Pinto Contents Preface Part I: Introduction Toward a Perception-based Theory of Probabilistic Reasoning, Lotfi A. Zadeh 3 Information, Data and Information Aggregation in Relation to the User Model, Horia-Nicolai Teodorescu 1 Uncertainty and Unsharpnes of Information, Walenty Ostasiewicz 11 Part II: Fundamentals Uncertainty-based Information, George J. Klir 21 Organizing Information using a Hierarchical Fuzzy Model, Ronald R. Yager 53 Algebraic Aspects of Information Organization, Ioan Tofan and Aurelian Claudiu Volf 71 Automated Quality Assurance of Continuous Data, Mark Last and Abraham Kandel 89 Relevance of the Fuzzy Sets and Fuzzy Systems, Paulo Salgado 105 Self-organizing Uncertainty-based Networks, Horia-Nicolai Teodorescu 131 Intuitionistic Fuzzy Generalized Nets. Definitions, Properties, Applications, Krasimir T. Atanasov and Nikolai G. Nikolov 161 Part III: Techniques Dynamical Fuzzy Systems with Linguistic Information Feedback, Xiao-Zhi Gao and Sepo J. Ovaska 179 Fuzzy Bayesian Nets and Prototypes for User Modelling, Message Filtering and Data Mining, Jim F. Baldwin 197 Extending Fuzzy Temporal Profile Model for Dealing with Episode Quantification, Senen Barro, Paulo Felix, Puriflcacion Carinena and Abraham Otero 205 Data Mining with Possibilistic Graphical Models, Christian Borgelt and Rudolf Kruse 229 Automatic Conversation Driven by Uncertainty Reduction and Combination of Evidence for Recommendation Agents, Luis M. Rocha 249 Part IV: Applications Solving Knapsack Problems using a Fuzzy Sets-based Heuristic, Armando Blanco, David A. Pelta and Jose L. Verdegay 269 Evolution of Analog Circuits for Fuzzy Systems, Adrian Stoica 277 A Methodology for Incorporating Human Factors in Fuzzy-Probabilistic Modelling and Risk Analysis of Industrial Systems, Miroslaw Kwiesielewicz and Kazimierz T. Kosmowski 289 Systematic Approach to Nonlinear Modelling using Fuzzy Techniques, Drago Matko 307 Neural Networks Classifiers based on Membership Function ARTMAP, Peter Sincak, Marcel Hric and Jan Vascak 321 Environmental Data Interpretation: Intelligent Systems for Modeling and Prediction of Urban Air Pollution Data, Francesco Carlo Morabito and Mario Versaci 335 Fuzzy Evaluation Processing in Decision Support Systems, Constantin Gaindric 355 Behavior Learning of Hierarchical Behavior-based Controller for Brachiation Robot, Toshio Fukuda and Yasuhisa Hasegawa 359 Filter Impulsive Noise, Fuzzy Uncertainty and the Analog Median Filter, Paulo J.S.G. Fereira and Manuel J.C.S. Reis 373 Index of Terms 393 Contributors 395 Author Index 39 Part I Introduction