American Chemical Science Journal 3(1):34-49, 2013 SCIENCEDOMAINinternational www.sciencedomain.org Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of N,N- Diethylamide Bearing Benzenesulfonamide Derivatives 1* 2 1 Olayinka O. Ajani , Oluwole B. Familoni , Johnbull O. Echeme , 3 4 Feipeng Wu and Zheng Sujiang 1Department of Chemistry, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Covenant University, P.M.B. 1023, Ota, Ogun State 1100001, Nigeria. 2Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos State 10001, Nigeria. 3New Functional Polymeric Material Group,Technical Instituteof Physics andChemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS), Beijing 100190, P.R. China. 4Test Center of Antimicrobial Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, P.R. China. Authors’contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between the authors.AuthorOOA carried out the synthesis and wrote the first draft.AuthorOBF designed the scheme and the protocol for synthetic pathway.AuthorFW managed the analysis of the study and spectroscopic evaluation.AuthorJOE did the collation of the data and editing of the write-up.AuthorZS carried out all the antibacterial screening. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Received24thDecember2012 Research Article Accepted3rdJanuary2013 Published25thJanuary2013 ABSTRACT Sulfonamides are known to represent a class of medicinally important compounds which are extensively used as antibacterial agents. Hence, a series of new N,N-diethyl amide bearing sulfonamides (2a-k) were synthesized via amidation of easily prepared benzenesulfonamide precursors (1a-k). The chemical structures of all synthesized compounds were substantiated using spectroscopic means such as IR, Mass spectra and 1H-NMR as well as analytical data. The antimicrobial activity of these compounds along with streptomycin, was investigated on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The ____________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: Email: [email protected]; [email protected]; American Chemical Science Journal,3(1):34-49, 2013 results showed that this skeletal framework exhibited marked potency as antibacterial agents. The most active antibacterial agent against both targeted organisms was N,N- diethyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide (2b). Keywords: 2-(Phenylsulfonamido) acetic acid; inhibition zone; N,N-diethylamide; antibacterial study; streptomycin. 1. INTRODUCTION The pharmacological applications of sulfonamides have been proven to attract continuous attention since earlier discovery of sulfanilamide [1]. The chemical properties of sulfonamides have recently shown them to be highly efficient synthons in the preparation of various valuable biologically active compounds [2]. In view of the versatile utilization of such scaffolds as ligands, various researchers have attempted and embarked upon designing and synthesizing various novel metal based templates [3]. Sulfonamides inhibit the multiplication of bacteria by acting as competitive inhibitors of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) in the folic acid metabolism cycle [4]. They are among the most widely used antibacterial agents in the world, chiefly because of their low cost, low toxicity and excellent activity against common bacterial diseases [5]. They have been reported to possess, among others, antimicrobial [6], analgesic [7],antiinflammatory [8], anti-HIV [9], anticancer [10], anticonvulsant [11],antiviral [12], antitumoral [13], antibacterial [14], antiplatelet aggregation [15] and antimalarial [16] properties. The sulfonamide of paramount importance in this study is benzenesulfonamide which is an integral part of many drugs and drug-like scaffolds [17,18]. Many derivatives of benzenesulfonamide have been explored as important starting materials and reactive intermediates in various organic syntheses [19]. For example, 2-hydroxyalkylbenzene sulfonamides have been reported as the important starting materials produced in large quantities. The upsurge of widespread multi-drug resistance microorganisms and emergence of new diseases have been reported as a major threat to human health [20]. In view of this occurrence of microorganisms’ resistance to drugs currently in use and emergence of new diseases, there is a continuous need for the synthesis of new organic compounds as potential antimicrobial agents. Another motivation behind synthesis of targeted sulfonamide was based on the earlier report that disubstituted amides are more biologically active than the non-substituted counterparts [21]. Therefore, incorporation of amide group into the benzenesulfonamide was carried out in order to vary or boost the antibacterial activity of such templates. Thus, it is conceivable to develop a series of N,N- diethyl amide bearing benzenesulfonamides by highly expeditious amidation technique with the aim of investigating their antibacterial properties. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1General Conditions The 1H-NMR spectra were recorded in either CDCl or DMSO-d on NMR Bruker DPX 400 3 6 spectrometer operating at 400 MHz. Tetramethyl silane (TMS) was used as internal standard with the deuterium signal of the solvent as the lock and chemical shifts δ recorded in ppm. The melting points were determined on XT-4 Digital Binocular Microscope melting point apparatus manufactured by Beijing Technical Instrument Co. Ltd. and were uncorrected. IR 35 American Chemical Science Journal,3(1):34-49, 2013 spectra were run on Varian Excalibur HE 3100 FT-IR Spectrometer while the Mass Spectra were obtained using Waters GCT Premier Spectrometer. The elemental analyses (C, H, N) of the compounds were performed using Flash EA 1112 Elemental Analyzer. In addition, the pH was monitored and confirmed during acidification by using Portable pH Meter Model PHB4. All drying were conducted at reduced pressure with DHG-9023A Vacuum Oven. The reaction progress was monitored with TLC using CHCl /CH OH (9:1) 3 3 solvent system and the developed plates were visualized under UV lamp and/or in iodine tank where necessary. Column chromatographic purifications were carried out on the products using CHCl /CH OH (9:1) solvent system and Merck silica gel F (Mesh 200-300) as 3 3 the mobile and stationary phase respectively. Organic solutions were dried over anhydrous Na SO and concentrated with a RE-2000B Buchi Rotary Evaporator at reduced pressure. 2 4 At all stage of the experiments, the synthetic protocols were effected in bone dried solvents under nitrogen atmosphere in dried glassware which were wiped with stream flow of nitrogen gas prior to use. Other reagents were used directlyafter ascertaining the purity condition. 2.2 Synthesis 2.2.1 Generalprocedureforsynthesisofbenzenesulfonamides(1a-k) To a solution of amino acid (25.00 mmol) was added Na CO (5.57 g, 52.5 mmol) in H O 2 3 2 (30.00 mL) at 0ºC, cooled to -5ºC using ice-bath followed by addition of benzenesulfonyl chloride, (5.30 g, 3.84 mL, 30.00 mmol) in three portions over a period of 1 h. The reacting mixture was then warmed to room temperature and allowed to stir for 4 h. Upon completion of the reaction, 20 % aqueous HCl solution was added with continuous stirring to avoid foaming on the surface until the pH 2.00 was attained. The solid separated out and was allowed to settle down over night and the product isolated via suction filtration. The filtered crude product was washed with pH 2.20 buffer and dried in a vacuum oven at 60ºC for 12 h to afford crude solid which was purified by column chromatography on Merck silica gel F (Mesh 200-300) using CHCl /CH OH, 9:1 solvent system to afford benzenesulfonamides 3 3 (1a-k)in good to excellent yields (73.20–96.60%). 2.2.1.11-(Phenylsulfonyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (1a) Yield 6.11 g (95.7%), mp 75-77ºC, R = 0.77 (CHCl /CH OH, 9:1, at RT). 1H-NMR (CDCl ) δ: f 3 3 3 7.92-7.90 (d, J = 7.60 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.68-7.60 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 4.32-4.30 (dd, J = 3.20 Hz, J 1 2 = 12.00 Hz, 1H, CH-COOH), 3.56-3.54 (m, 1H, CH of CH -N), 3.33-3.27 (m, 1H, CH of a 2 b CH -N), 2.18-2.15 (m, 1H, CH), 1.97-1.95 (m, 2H, CH ), 1.83-1.79 (m, 1H, CH). IR (KBr) 2 2 cm1: 3064.89 (CH aromatic), 2956.88 (CH aliphatic), 1728.21 (C=O of COOH), 1352.13, 1157.33 (SO two bands), 689.58 (Ar-H). MS: in m/z (rel. %): 211 (10%), 210 (100%), 141 2 (39%), 70.10 (11%). Anal. calcd. for C H NO S (255.29): C, 51.75; H, 5.13; N, 5.49. 11 13 4 Found: C, 51.72; H, 4.92; N, 5.35. 2.2.1.21-(Phenylsulfonyl)piperidine-2-carboxylic acid(1b) Yield 6.50 g (96.6%), mp 81-82ºC, R = 0.79 (CHCl /CH OH, 9:1, at RT). 1H-NMR (CDCl ) δ: f 3 3 3 10.06-9.95 (s-br, 1H, OH of COOH), 7.81-7.78 (d, J = 8.76 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.55-7.46 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 4.78-4.77 (d, J = 5.00 Hz, 1H, CH-COOH), 3.77-3.74 (d, J = 10.00 Hz, 1H, CH of a CH -N), 3.23-3.16 (dt,J = 2.8 Hz,J = 10.00 Hz, 1H, CH of CH -N),2.17-2.13 (m, 1H, CH), 2 1 2 b 2 1.71-1.66 (m, 3H, CH & CH), 1.46-1.41 (m, 1H, CH), 1.32-1.23 (m, 1H, CH). MS: in m/z (rel. 2 %): 230.12 (3%), 186.98 (62%), 154.08 (42%), 110.01 (75%), 103.04 (100%), 84.00 (29%), 36 American Chemical Science Journal,3(1):34-49, 2013 78.04 (63%), 29.99 (64%). Anal. calcd. for C H NO S (269.32): C, 53.52; H, 5.61; N, 5.20. 12 15 4 Found: C, 53.71; H, 5.59; N, 5.31. 2.2.1.32-(Phenylsulfonamido)aceticacid(1c) Yield 3.94 g (73.2%), mp 160-161ºC,R = 0.45 (CHCl /CH OH, 9:1, at RT).1H-NMR (DMSO- f 3 3 d ) δ: 12.68 (s-br, 1H, OH of COOH), 8.07-8.04 (t, J = 6.00 Hz, 1H, NH-CH ), 7.80-7.78 (d, J 6 2 = 8.00 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.65-7.55 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 3.58-3.57 (d, J = 6.00 Hz, 2H, CH -NH). IR 2 (KBr) cm-1: 3313.72 (N-H), 3088.21 (C-H aromatic), 2974.23 (CH aliphatic),1726.30 (C=O of COOH), 1321.31, 1157.29 (SO two bands), 690.51 (Ar-H). MS: in m/z (rel. %): 218.03 (M++ 2 3, 3%), 210.07 (28%), 142.01 (26%), 63.96 (100%), 43.01 (37%). Anal. calcd. for C H NO S 8 9 4 (215.23): C, 44.65; H, 4.21; N, 6.51. Found: C, 44.45; H, 4.32; N, 6.49. 2.2.1.42-(Phenylsulfonamido)propanoicacid (1d) Yield 4.72 g (82.4%), mp 118-119ºC,R = 0.70 (CHCl /CH OH, 9:1, at RT).1H-NMR (DMSO- f 3 3 d ) δ: 12.62 (s-br, 1H, OH of COOH), 8.16-8.14 (d, J = 8.36 Hz, 1H, NH-CH), 7.80-7.78 (d, J 6 = 8.52 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.64-7.54 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 3.78-3.73 (dt, J = 7.20 Hz, J = 8.36 Hz, 1H, 1 2 NH-CH-CH ), 1.14-1.12 (d, J = 7.20 Hz, 3H, CH -CH). IR (KBr) cm-1: 3327.19, 3267.41 (N- 3 3 H), 3064.92 (C-H aromatic), 2989.71 (CH aliphatic), 1720.49 (C=O of COOH), 1338.61, 1153.42 (SO two bands), 725.23 (Ar-H). MS: in m/z (rel. %): 157.02 (19%), 141.01 (PhSO +, 2 2 5%), 93.06 (22%), 44.09 (CO +, 4%). Anal. calcd. for C H NO S (229.26): C, 47.15; H, 4.84; 2 9 11 4 N, 6.11. Found: C, 46.98; H, 4.82; N, 6.06. 2.2.1.53-Mercapto-2-(phenylsulfonamido)propanoic acid(1e) Yield 2.75 g (84.1%), 176-177ºC, R = 0.35 (CHCl /CH OH, 9:1, at RT). 1H-NMR (DMSO-d ) f 3 3 6 δ: 12.95 (s-br, 1H, OH of COOH), 8.35-8.32 (d, J = 8.40 Hz, 1H, NH-CH), 7.77-7.75 (d, J = 8.64 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.64-7.53 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 3.93-3.88 (dd, J = 8.40 Hz, J = 20.00 Hz, 1H, 1 2 NH-CH-CH ), 2.92-2.87 (dd, J = 5.60 Hz, J = 20.00 Hz, 1H, CH of CH -S), 2.62-2.56 (dd, a 1 2 a 2 J = 8.22 Hz,J = 20.00 Hz, 1H, CH of CH -SH). IR (KBr) cm-1:3294.41 (N-H), 3057.13 (CH 1 2 b 2 aromatic), 2922.21 (CH aliphatic), 1735.89 (C=O of COOH), 1581.60 (C=C), 1328.91, 1147.61 (SO two bands), 688.59 (Ar-H). Anal. calcd. for C H NO S (261.32): C, 41.37; H, 2 9 11 4 2 4.24; N, 5.36. Found: C, 41.34; H, 4.06; N, 5.29. 2.2.1.64-(Methylthio)-2-(phenylsulfonamido)butanoic acid (1f) Yield 2.98 g (82.3%), mp 128-130ºC,R = 0.77 (CHCl /CH OH, 9:1, at RT).1H-NMR(DMSO- f 3 3 d ) δ: 12.73 (s-br, 1H, OH of COOH), 8.21-8.19 (d,J= 8.8 Hz, 1H,NH-CH), 7.78-7.76 (d,J= 6 8.52 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.63-7.54 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 3.87-3.84 (dt, J = 4.00 Hz, J = 8.80 Hz, 1H, 1 2 NH-CH-CH ), 2.36-2.25 (m, 2H, CH S), 1.91 (s, 3H, CH ), 1.82-1.73 (m, 2H, CH -CH -S). IR 2 2 3 2 2 (KBr) cm-1: 3253.91 (N-H), 3001.31 (CH aromatic), 2914.39 (CH aliphatic), 1724.41 (C=O of COOH), 1338.62, 1159.22 (SO two bands), 690.51 (Ar-H). MS: in m/z (rel. %): 210.07 (9%), 2 142.01 (PhSO H+, 30%), 141.01 (PhSO +, 19%), 77.04 (100%), 43.99 (CO +, 66%). Anal. 2 2 2 calcd. for C H NO S (289.37): C, 45.66; H, 5.22; N, 4.84. Found: C, 45.54; H, 5.19; N, 11 15 4 2 4.67. 2.2.1.73-Methyl-2-(phenylsulfonamido)butanoic acid (1g) Yield 5.08 g (79.0%), mp 143-144ºC, R = 0.76 (CHCl /CH OH, 9:1, at RT). 1H-NMR (CDCl ) f 3 3 3 δ: 7.85-7.83 (d, J = 8.68 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.58-7.54 (m, 1H, Ar-H), 7.51-7.47 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 37 American Chemical Science Journal,3(1):34-49, 2013 5.15-5.13 (d,J = 12.00 Hz, 1H,NH-CH), 3.82-3.79 (dd, J = 4.80 Hz,J = 12.00 Hz, 1H, NH- 1 2 CH-CH), 2.12-2.07 (m, 1H, CH), 0.97-0.95 (d, J = 6.80 Hz, 3H, CH -CH), 0.88-0.86 (d, J = 3 6.88 Hz, 3H, CH -CH). IR (KBr) cm-1: 3294.41 (N-H), 3089.91 (CH aromatic), 2972.31 (CH 3 aliphatic), 1714.69 (C=O of COOH), 1340.52, 1172.72 (SO two bands), 686.73 (Ar-H). MS: 2 in m/z (rel. %): 212.08 (20%), 142.09 (PhSO H+, 61%), 141.04 (PhSO +, 7%), 78.05 (Ph-H, 2 2 54%), 77.04 (Ph+, 100%), 51.03 (38%), 43.99 (CO +, 53%). Anal. calcd. for C H NO S 2 11 15 4 (257.31): C, 51.35; H, 5.88; N, 5.44. Found: C, 49.77; H, 5.70; N, 5.18. 2.2.1.83-Hydroxy-2-(phenylsulfonamido)butanoicacid (1h) Yield 2.88 g (88.9%), 144-146ºC, R = 0.55 (CHCl /CH OH, 9:1, at RT). 1H-NMR (DMSO-d ) f 3 3 6 δ: 12.55 (s-br, 1H, OH of COOH), 7.81-7.79 (d,J= 8.60 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.68-7.65 (d,J= 9.20 Hz, 1H,NH-CH), 7.59-7.51 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 3.98-3.96 (dq,J = 3.60 Hz,J = 6.40 Hz, 1H, CH- 1 2 CH-CH ), 3.68-3.65 (dd,J = 3.60 Hz, J = 9.20 Hz, 1H, NH-CH-CH), 2.08 (s, 1H, OH), 1.00- 3 1 2 0.99 (d, J = 6.40 Hz, 3H, CH -CH). IR (KBr) cm-1: 3444.92 (OH free), 3296.33 (N-H), 3 3016.73 (CH aromatic), 2945.31 (CH aliphatic), 1726.34 (C=O of COOH), 1332.81, 1166.92 (SO two bands), 669.31 (Ar-H). MS: in m/z (rel. %): 259.07 (M+, 28%), 195.11 (M+ - COOH 2 – OH, 6%), 118.06 (100%), 117.05 (54%), 90.04 (35%). Anal. calcd. for C H NO S 10 13 5 (259.28): C, 46.32; H, 5.05; N, 5.40. Found: C, 46.47; H, 4.99; N, 5.59. 2.2.1.95-Amino-5-oxo-2-(phenylsulfonamido)pentanoic acid (1i) Yield 3.25 g (90.8%), mp 173-174ºC,R = 0.34 (CHCl /CH OH, 9:1, at RT).1H-NMR (DMSO- f 3 3 d ) δ: 12.61 (s-br, 1H, OH of COOH), 8.17-8.15 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 1H, NH-CH), 7.77-7.75 (d, J 6 = 8.64 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.61-7.53 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 7.25 (s, 1H, NH of CO-NH ), 6.74 (s, 1H, a 2 NH of CO-NH ), 3.74-3.68 (dt, J = 5.60 Hz, J = 8.80 Hz, 1H, NH-CH-CH ), 2.08-2.04 (t, J b 2 1 2 2 = 7.60 Hz, CO-CH -CH ), 1.84-1.82 (m, 1H, CH of CH -CH CO), 1.65-1.63 (m, 1H, CH of 2 2 a 2 2 b CH -CH CO). IR (KBr) cm-1: 3429.43, 3226.92 (N-H), 2978.11 (CH aliphatic), 1739.81 (C=O 2 2 of COOH), 1683.91 (CO of amide), 1541.12 (C=C), 1321.32, 1170.83 (SO two bands), 2 603.73 (Ar-H). Anal. calcd. for C H N O S (286.31): C, 46.15; H, 4.93; N, 9.78. Found: C, 11 14 2 5 46.03; H, 4.95; N, 9.84. 2.2.1.10 3-Phenyl-2-(phenylsulfonamido)propanoic acid (1j) Yield 3.03 g (79.3%), mp 124-125ºC,R = 0.63 (CHCl /CH OH, 9:1, at RT).1H-NMR (DMSO- f 3 3 d ) δ: 12.71 (s-br, 1H, OH of COOH), 8.30-8.28 (d, J = 9.00 Hz, 1H, NH-CH), 7.57-7.53 (m, 6 3H, Ar-H), 7.45-7.41 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.23-7.13 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 7.12-7.11 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 3.88- 3.84 (ddd, J = 5.76 Hz, J = 8.96 Hz, J = 9.00 Hz, 1H, NH-CH-CH -Ar), 2.96-2.91 (dd, J = 1 2 3 2 1 5.76 Hz, J = 20.00 Hz, 1H, CH of CH -Ar), 2.73-2.68 (dd, J = 8.96 Hz, J = 20.00 Hz, 1H, 2 a 2 1 2 CH of CH -Ar). IR (KBr) cm-1: 3340.74 (N-H), 3173.11 (OH), 3059.12 (CH aromatic), b 2 2964.42 (CH aliphatic), 1735.92 (C=O of COOH), 1346.32, 1168.91 (SO two bands), 688.62 2 (Ar-H). MS: in m/z [rel. %]: 294.14 (47%), 214.02 (M+ - Ph-CH , 10%), 203.08 (12%), 91.05 2 (Ph-CH +, 59%), 77.16 (Ph+, 100%), 65.04 (SO H+, 15%). Anal. calcd. for C H NO S 2 2 15 15 4 (305.36): C, 59.00; H, 4.95; N, 4.59. Found: C, 58.88; H, 4.83; N, 4.47. 2.2.1.112-(Phenylsulfonamido)-3-(4-(phenylsulfonyloxy)phenyl)propanoic acid (1k) Yield 4.23 g (73.3%), mp 109-110ºC, R = 0.61 (CHCl /CH OH, 9:1, at RT). 1H-NMR (CDCl ) f 3 3 3 δ: 7.82-7.82 (d, J = 8.60 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.74-7.72 (d, J = 8.52 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.70-7.68 (m, 1H, Ar-H), 7.56-7.53 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 7.48-7.46 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.05-7.03 (d, J = 8.40 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 6.87-6.85 (d, J = 8.40 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 5.10-5.08 (d, J = 8.80 Hz, 1H, NH-CH), 4.19- 38 American Chemical Science Journal,3(1):34-49, 2013 4.18 (m, 1H, CH), 3.13-3.08 (dd, J = 5.20 Hz, J = 20.00 Hz, 1H, CH of CH -Ar), 2.99-2.94 1 2 a 2 (dd, J = 6.60 Hz, J = 20.00 Hz, 1H, CH of CH -Ar). IR (KBr) cm-1: 3225.31 (N-H), 3070.72 1 2 b 2 (CH aromatic), 2931.82 (CH aliphatic), 1755.20 (C=O of COOH), 1625.31 (C=C), 1363.72, 1161.10 (SO two bands), 686.71 (Ar-H). MS: in m/z (rel. %): 393.12 (40%), 218.03 (18%), 2 157.02 (77%), 141.00 (PhSO +, 98%), 134.06 (90%), 94.04 (100%), 78.05 (Ph-H+, 28%), 2 65.04 (SO H+, 20%). Anal. calcd. for C H NO S (461.52): C, 54.65; H, 4.15; N, 3.03. 2 21 19 7 2 Found: C, 54.74;H, 4.25; N, 2.85. 2.2.2GeneralprocedureforN,N-diethylalkanamideofbenzenesulfonamide(2a-k) A three-necked 250 mL flask equipped with magnetic stirring bar was charged with (1a-k) (9.35 mmol) and dichloromethane (DCM) (30.00 mL). The flask was closed and N was 2 bubbled into it continuously. Oxalyl chloride (1.00 mL, 12.16 mmol, 1.30 equiv.) was added via dropping pipette followed by the addition of 1 drop of DMF. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h and then concentrated to dryness with rotary evaporator (23ºC, 40 mmHg). Dichloromethane (DCM) (40.00 mL) was added to the resulting crude acid chloride and the solution was concentrated again. In a separate 250 mL three-necked round bottom flask, equipped with a magnetic stirring bar, a N inlet, a rubber septum, 125-mL pressure 2 equalizing addition funnel and a temperature probe was charged with DCM (20 mL), triethylamine (2.00 mL, 14.03 mmol, 1.50 equiv.) and diethylamine (1.30 mL, 12.16 mmol, 1.30 equiv.) and the mixture was cooled to -15ºC. The crude acid chloride was dissolved in DCM (20.00 mL), transferred to the addition funnel and added dropwise to the stirred diethylamine solution at such a rate that the internal temperature was maintained below 10ºC. Upon completion of the addition of the acid chloride solution (ca 30 min), the mixture was stirred at -10 to 0ºC for 1 h and at room temperature for 1 h. The mixture was diluted with 2.00M HCl (18.00 mL) and transferred into a 250 mL separatory funnel. The layers were separated, the organic layer was washed with brine (18.00 mL), dried over anhydrous Na SO , concentrated under reduced pressure, diluted with methanol (18.00 mL) and re- 2 4 concentrated to give a crude solid. The solid was slurried in methanol (20.00 mL) and water (30.00 mL) was added dropwise with continuous stirring for 10 min. The slurry was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and methanol was removed by rotary evaporator. The resulting residue was transferred into separatory funnel and extracted with DCM. The organic layer was worked up and dried under vacuum/N sweep for 12 h to obtain crude solid which was 2 purified by column chromatography on Merck silica gel F (Mesh 200-300) using CHCl /CH OH, 9:1 solvent system to afford N,N-diethyl alkanamide substituted 3 3 benzenesulfonamides (2a-k) in 71.50%-95.80% yields. 2.2.2.1N,N-Diethyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide (2a) Yield 2.20g (75.9%), mp 84-85ºC {Lit. 85-87ºC, [22]}. 1H-NMR (CDCl ) δ: 7.92-7.90 (d, J = 3 7.12 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.56-7.48 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 4.81-4.78 (dd, J = 3.60 Hz, J = 11.60 Hz, 1H, 1 2 CH-CON), 3.58-3.50 (m, 2H, N-CH -CH ),3.48-3.41 (m, 2H, CH -N of pyrrolo), 3.37-3.30 (m, 2 3 2 2H, N-CH -CH ), 2.15-2.07 (m, 2H, CH of pyrrolo), 1.92-1.85 (m, 2H, CH of pyrrolo), 1.29- 2 3 2 2 1.26 (t,J= 7.08 Hz, 3H,CH -CH N), 1.11-1.07 (t,J= 7.08 Hz, 3H,CH -CH N). IR (KBr) cm1: 3 2 3 2 2981.93 (CH aromatic), 2926.01 (CH aliphatic), 2860.11 (CH aliphatic), 1649.13 (C=O of amide), 1334.71, 1151.51 (SO two bands), 686.72 (Ar-H). MS: in m/z (rel. %): 210.98 2 (50%), 169.12 (53%), 140.98 (PhSO +, 40%), 100.07 (O=C-N (CH CH ) +, 98%), 77.03 (Ph+, 2 2 3 2 42%), 72.04 (+N(CH CH ) , 100%), 29.04 (CH CH +, 27%). Anal. calcd. for C H N O S 2 3 2 3 2 15 22 2 3 (310.42): C, 58.04; H, 7.14; N, 9.02. Found: C, 57.98; H, 7.25; N, 9.02. 39 American Chemical Science Journal,3(1):34-49, 2013 2.2.2.2N,N-Diethyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide (2b) Yield 2.90 g (95.8%), mp 128-129ºC {Lit. 127-129ºC, [22]}. 1H-NMR (CDCl ) δ: 7.73-7.71 (d, 3 J = 8.60 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.54-7.42 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 4.90-4.88 (dd, J = 2.00 Hz, J = 8.00 Hz, 1 2 1H, CH-CON), 3.79-3.76 (m, 2H, N-CH -CH ), 3.33-3.28 (m, 2H, N-CH -CH ), 3.18-3.15 (m, 2 3 2 3 1H, CH of CH -N piperidine), 3.10-3.07 (m, 1H, CH of CH -N piperidine), 1.78-1.65 (m, 3H, a 2 b 2 CH & CH of piperidine), 1.61-1.47 (m, 3H, CH & CH of piperidine), 1.29-1.26 (t, J = 7.16 2 2 Hz, 3H, CH -CH N), 0.98-0.94 (t, J = 7.12 Hz, 3H, CH -CH N). Anal. calcd. for C H N O S 3 2 3 2 16 24 2 3 (324.45): C, 59.23; H, 7.46; N, 8.63. Found: C, 59.17; H, 7.29; N, 8.55. 2.2.2.3N,N-Diethyl-2-(phenylsulfonamido)acetamide(2c) Yield 2.23 g (88.2%), mp 201-202ºC. 1H-NMR (CDCl ) δ: 7.89-7.85 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.64-7.48 3 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 5.92 (s-br, 1H, NH), 3.76-3.75 (d, J = 5.08 Hz, 2H, CH -NH), 3.31-3.25 (q, J = 2 7.12 Hz, 2H, N-CH CH ), 3.18-3.12 (q, J = 7.16 Hz, 2H, N-CH CH ), 1.12-1.09 (t, J = 7.16 2 3 2 3 Hz, 3H, CH -CH ), 1.03-0.99 (t, J = 7.12 Hz, 3H, CH -CH ). IR (KBr) cm-1: 3294.42 (N-H), 3 2 3 2 3057.21 (CH aromatic), 2985.94 (CH aliphatic), 1726.33 (C=O of amide), 1625.32 (C=C), 1327.02, 1166.89 (SO two bands), 688.62 (Ar-H). Anal. calcd. for C H N O S(270.35): C, 2 12 18 2 3 53.31; H, 6.71; N, 10.36. Found: C, 53.19; H, 6.84; N, 10.51. 2.2.2.4N,N-Diethyl-3-methyl-2-(phenylsulfonamido)butanamide (2g) Yield 2.11 g (72.3%), mp 89-90ºC. 1H-NMR (CDCl ) δ: 7.82-7.79 (d, J = 8.72 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 3 7.54-7.43 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 5.83-5.81 (d, J = 9.16 Hz, 1H,NH-CH), 3.84-3.81 (dd,J = 4.16 Hz, 1 J = 9.16 Hz, 1H, NH-CH-CH), 3.17-2.99 (m, 4H, 2 ×CH -CH ), 1.83-1.81 (m, 1H, CH), 1.05- 2 2 3 1.01 (d, J = 15.88 Hz, 3H, CH -CH), 0.93-0.89 (t, J = 7.20 Hz, 3H, CH -CH ), 0.87-0.83 (t, J 3 3 2 = 7.10 Hz, 3H, CH -CH ), 0.87-0.83 (d, J = 14.20 Hz, 3H, CH -CH). IR (KBr) cm-1: 3257.81 3 2 3 (N-H), 2966.52 (CH aliphatic), 1639.53 (C=O of amide), 1325.11, 1165.03 (SO two bands), 2 605.63 (Ar-H). Anal. calcd. for C H N O S(312.43): C, 57.67; H, 7.74; N, 8.97. Found: C, 15 24 2 3 57.44; H, 7.83; N, 9.09. 2.2.2.5 4-{(3-(Diethylamino)-3-oxo-2-(phenylsulfonamido)propyl)} phenyl benzenesulfo- nate (2k) Yield 3.46 g (71.5%), mp 72-73ºC. 1H-NMR (CDCl ) δ: 7.81-7.79 (d, J = 7.40 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 3 7.75-7.74 (d, J = 7.40 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.68-7.64 (m, 1H, Ar-H), 7.54-7.50 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 7.45- 7.41 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.06-7.03 (d, J = 8.44 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 6.88-6.85 (d, J = 8.44 Hz, 2H, Ar- H), 4.23-4.21 (d, J = 9.20 Hz, 1H, NH-CH), 4.24-4.21 (dd, J = 9.20 Hz, J = 13.60 Hz, 1H, 1 2 NH-CH-CH), 3.17-3.14 (m, 1H, CH of CH -Ar), 2.98-2.95 (m, 1H, CH of CH -Ar), 2.88-2.80 a 2 b 2 (m, 4H, 2 × CH -CH ), 0.86-0.82 (t, J = 7.10 Hz, 3H, CH -CH ), 0.78-0.75 (t, J = 7.16 Hz, 2 3 3 2 3H, CH -CH ). IR (KBr) cm-1: 3248.11 (N-H), 3072.63 (CH aromatic), 2974.21 (CH aliphatic), 3 2 1689.61 (C=O of amide), 1625.31 (C=C), 1371.42, 1161.43 (SO two bands), 686.72 (Ar-H). 2 MS: in m/z (rel. %): 416.03 (M+ - O=C-N (CH CH ) , 88%), 359.10 (77%), 269.07 (100%), 2 3 2 218.11 (62%), 140.89 (PhSO +, 21%), 100.07 (O=C-N(CH CH ) +, 78%), 72.04 2 2 3 2 (+N(CH CH ) , 47%), 29.04 (CH CH +, 6%). Anal. calcd. for C H N O S (516.64): C, 2 3 2 3 2 25 28 2 6 2 58.12; H, 5.46; N, 5.42. Found: C, 57.97; H, 5.39; N, 5.31. 2.3 Antibacterial Activity Assays The antimicrobial properties of the sulfonamides were investigated in form of the general sensitivity testing and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) with respect to freshly cultured 40 American Chemical Science Journal,3(1):34-49, 2013 targeted organisms. The two organisms of interest in this present study are one gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538) and one gram negative (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922) organisms which are associated with the gastrointestinal tract damage in man and animal. 2.3.1Preparation of theinoculum The standard strains of S. aureus and E. coli used were obtained from Test Center of Antimicrobial Materials, TIPC, Beijing. No clinically isolated organism was used based on in- availability of such as at the time of this study. The strains were propagated on nutrient agar plates and maintained on the plate at 4ºC. The isolates were sub-cultured in nutrient broth at 37ºC for 8 h prior to antibacterial testing. 2.3.2 Antibacterialsensitivity testingof thesynthesized compounds Agar well diffusion technique as described by Adeniyiet al. [23 ]and co-workerswas used to determine the antibacterial activity of the synthesized compounds [23]. Sensitivity test agar plates were seeded with 0.10 mL of an overnight culture of each bacterial strain (equivalent to 107 –108 CFU mL-1). The seeded plates were allowed to set and a standard cork borer of 8 mm diameter was used to cut uniform wells on the surface of the agar. The wells were then filled with 0.30 mL of each sulfonamide solution in appropriate solvent at a concentration of 1000 μg/mL (0.02 g of sulfonamide dissolved in 20.00 mL distilled water). All the plates were incubated at 37ºC for 24 h. The assay was conducted at regular intervals of 24 h until marked decline in the potencyof the sulfonamide solution to inhibit the growth of the test organisms was noticed. Zones of clearance round each well means inhibition and the diameter of such zones were measured. The procedure was repeated for the streptomycin (standard). Selectivity index (S.I.) is the ratio of zone of inhibition of compound to that of the streptomycin. 2.3.3Determination ofminimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) Agar well dilution method as described by Russell and Furr was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the sulfonamides and streptomycin [24]. Different dilutions of the sulfonamides were prepared first, at ≤ 100.00 μg/mL to give final concentrations in the range of 100.00, 50.00, 25.00 and 12.50 μg/mL. The different dilutions of sulfonamide derivatives that could not inhibit the microbial growth at≤ 100.00 μg/mLwere later prepared at ≤ 1000.00 μg/mL to give final concentrations in the range of 1000.00, 500.00, 250.00, 125.00 and 62.50μg/mL. Two milliliter (2.00 mL) of each dilution was mixed with 18.00 mL of Mueller Hinton agar (MHA, Difco, France) and poured into Petri-dishes and allowed to set. The agar was streaked with an overnight broth culture of the bacterial strains and incubated overnight. The plates were then examined for the presence or absence of growth. The minimum concentration that completely inhibited macroscopic growth was regarded as the minimum inhibitory concentration of the respective sulfonamide. The procedurewas repeated for streptomycin (standard). 41 American Chemical Science Journal,3(1):34-49, 2013 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Chemistry Benzenesulfonyl chloride and its para-substituted counterparts were earlier used in the protection of amino functional group, identification of amino acid and distinguishing among three classes of amine. However, we have herein successfully used benzenesulfonyl chloride as the cost effective and highly efficient main precursor in order to synthesize our targeted substituted benzene sulfonamide derivatives (1a-k) in the present work. Benzene sulfonyl chloride underwent condensation reaction with secondary amine of two different amino acids to afford N,N-disubstituted benzene sulfonamides (1a) and (1b), while its treatment with primary amine functionality of nine other amino acids in alkaline medium generated N-substituted benzene sulfonamide (1c-k) according to Scheme 1. It is important to note that amide formation is a fundamental reaction of great interest in organic chemistry [25,26]. The development of efficient methods for the synthesis of amides remains good tools because of their importance in chemistry and biology, with a wide range of industrial and pharmaceutical applications and as valuable intermediates in organic synthesis [27]. In continuation of our effort in search for therapeutically useful sulfonamides [28], we have here in synthesized benzenesulfonamides and their N,N-diethyl amide bearing scaffolds. In the earlier published work, Ajani et al. [28] observed that the work-up process to get the α- toluenesulfonamides in solid form from acidified aqueous medium was very difficult due to high polarity of such sulfonamides unlike the benzenesulfonamides which automatically crystallized out easily after acidification [28]. This arbitrary solubility trend in α- toluenesulfonamide is a strong indication that insertion of a sp3 hybridized carbon between the phenyl and SO unit (i.e. Ph-CH -SO Cl) confers different behaviour on the α- 2 2 2 toluenesulfonamides, contrary to that of the common sulfonamides such as benzenesulfonamides and p-tolylsulfonamide. Although, the technique of synthesis was the same but the solvent used, product yields and the antibacterial activity were never the same. Hence, the CH present in-between SO and Phenyl ring in earlier reported sulfonamides 2 2 [28] gave them different chemical behaviours and biological trends as compared to the one in the present study. ( ) n O Cl O S H i.Na2CO3/H2O O S N + N ( )n ii.stiratrt,4h O COOH HO iii.2MHCl,pH2 (1a):n=1; O (1b):n=2; (1c):R=H H (1d):R=CH 3 O Cl (1e):R=CH SH O S + H N H i.Na2CO3/H2O O S N R (1f):R=(CH22)2SCH3 O (1g):R=CH(CH ) 3 2 HO ii.stiratrt,4h COOH(1h):R=CH(CH )OH R iii.2MHCl,pH2 3 (1i):R=(CH ) CONH O 22 2 (1j):R=CH -Ph 2 (1k):R=CH -C H -OSO -Ph 2 6 4 2 Scheme 1. Synthesis of benzenesulfonamide derivatives (1a-k) 42 American Chemical Science Journal,3(1):34-49, 2013 The carboxylic acid end of the prepared benzenesulfonamide (1a-k) was converted to the corresponding N,N-diethylsubstituted alkanamide of benzene sulfonamides (2a-k). Thus, some selected benzene sulfonamides containing free carboxyl side chain were further treated via a one-pot two-step mechanism, to produce some selected new (2c), (2g) and (2k) and known series of N, N-diethylated alkanamido benzene sulfonamides (2a), (2b) [22], in good to excellent yield (Scheme 2). This involved, first, reaction of the sulfonamide- carboxylic acid with oxalyl chloride in presence of one drop of DMF catalyst to produce the acid chloride, which was converted to N,N-diethyl substituted arylsulfonamide by treating it with diethylamine in the presence of triethylamine base using dichloromethane (DCM) as solvent according to a known procedure [29]. The comparative study of (1a) with (2a) was established according to spectroscopic result in order to validate efficient conversion protocol. For instance, the stretching vibration frequencies at 3064.89 cm-1 and 1728.21 cm-1 depicted the presence of CH aromatic and C=O acid respectively, in the infrared spectrum of (1a) while SO functionality appeared as 2 two bands at 1352.13 cm-1and 1157.33 cm-1 in the same compound. On the contrary, the C=O amide of compound (2a) appeared at lower frequency 1649 cm-1 than that of (1a). This experience confirmed the conversion of COOH in (1a) to CO-N(CH CH ) in (2a). In a similar 2 3 2 manner, the 1H-NMR spectrum of (1a) in CDCl showed five aromatic protons as two-proton 3 doublet (J = 7.60 Hz) and three-proton multiplet at δ 7.92-7.90 and 7.68-7.60 respectively. The CH-COOH of (1a) resonated as doublet of doublet (J = 3.20 Hz, J = 12.00 Hz) at δ 1 2 4.32-4.30 while all other six pyrolidine protons appeared upfield from δ 3.56-3.54 to 1.83- 1.79. Since, (2a) was structurally related with (1a), similar 1H-NMR signals were observed in (2a). In addition to these, there were extra two-proton CH multiplets at δ 3.58-3.50 and 2 3.37-3.30 as well as two CH triplets (J= 7.08 Hz) at 1.29-1.26 and 1.11-1.07 in the1H-NMR 3 spectrum of (2a). This 1H-NMR spectral behaviour further confirmed the effective conversion of–COOH functionality in (1a) to–CO-N(CH CH ) in (2a). 2 3 2 Scheme 2.Conversion of benzenesulfonamides to N,N-diethylamides 43