УДК 81-26 SYNTACTIC LEVEL MODELS USED FOR THE EXPRESSION OF COMMUNICATIVE INTENTION OF SUPPORT IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE Матвеева Надежда Александровна, кандидат педагогических наук, старший преподаватель, КГПИ, г. Костанай, Казахстан Жасубиева Айсулу Сагинбековна, студентка 4 курса факультета иностранных языков, КГПИ, г. Костанай, Казахстан Аннотация Статья посвящена теме лингвистических средств передачи коммуникативного намерения поддержки в произведениях англоязычных авторов. В статье рассмотрены содержание понятий «интенция», «коммуникативная интенция», «коммуникативная интенция поддержки»; выделены виды коммуникативной интенции поддержки (психологическая, поддержка в действии, поддержка-одобрение, поддержка-согласие) в соответствии с речевыми актами, в которых она находит отражение в диалогическом дискурсе; описаны модели синтаксического уровня, используемые при выражении коммуникативной интенции поддержки в произведениях английских и американских писателей. Abstract The article is devoted to the topic of linguistic means of expression of communicative intention of support in the works of English-speaking authors. The article discusses the concepts of "intention", "communicative intention", "communicative intention of support"; the types of communicative intention of support (psychological support, support-consent, support in the action, support-approval) in accordance with the speech acts in which it is reflected in the dialogic discourse are given; the syntactic level models used to express communicative intention of support in the works of British and American writers are studied and described. Ключевые слова: интенция, коммуникативная интенция, интенция поддержки, синтаксические модели выражения интенции поддержки Key words: intention, communicative intention, intention of support, syntactic models of expression of support intention 1. Introduction The present research is devoted to the study of communicative intention of support and the analysis of lexical and grammatical means of its expression in the English language. The relevance of the research is determined by using the material, functioning of which in a speech has sociolinguistic, psycholinguistic and linguistic and cultural significance. Intention is one of the basic concepts in modern philosophy, psychology and linguistics. It includes cognitive, psychological, communicative and pragmatic component. This concept was introduced in the modern linguistics by the followers of J.L. Austin who created the theory of speech acts. The creators of the speech acts theory borrowed the concept „intention‟ from terminological part of philosophy. The object of the new concept was to achieve a higher accuracy in the description of illocution and illocutionary function. Communicative intention is one of the phenomena helping hearers to recognize the meaning of an utterance. The object of analysis of communicative intention is a comprehensive description of the circumstances of the speech act of support, which effect on the structure of the utterance, and the analysis of speech act of support itself. Support intention is the intention of the speaker towards the interlocutor who gives help or assistance; the speaker lets the interlocutor know his involvement and participation to the problem, he shows positive emotions and feelings; he motivates to the following actions and agrees with the interlocutor while they are discussing the different situations and problems. Support in this paper is considered as a communicative, pragmatic and psychological attitude of the speaker, which is manifested as psychological reassurance of the addressee in the speech act. Support intention is implemented in the following types of communicative situations: 1) problem life situations life connected with feelings of disappointment, loss, and failure suggesting the intention of comfort; 2) dialogue situations causing an intention of agreement with the speaker in the discussion of the events, plans, evaluation of the condition of the affairs; 3) situations where some actions have already been done by the speaker and the interlocutor gives him the approval, motivates him to continue doing some other actions. Accordingly, the following types of support intention and types of speech acts in which they can be reflected were defined: psychological support, support-consent, support in the action and support-approval. 2. Materials and methods The goal of the research is to define the types of communicative situations that reflect the intention of support, support speech acts, to study lexical and grammatical means of their expression in artistic texts. Empirical material of the research is represented by 332 fragments of the conversations‟ utterances from the American novel “Grapes of Wrath” written by J. Steinbeck, science-fiction novel “Invisible Man” by H.G. Wells, comedy “School for Scandal” by Richard Brinsley Sheridan where communicative support intention is realized. The following methods were used: analysis of methodological literature; traditional descriptive method of linguo-stylistic analysis by V.V. Vinogradov and I.R. Galperin, including observation, analysis, classification and synthesis of study units; comparative method. 3. Discussion During the research, it was found that, the speaker uses all communicative types of sentences in the English language in order to realize the intention of psychological support. Declarative sentences: - It ain‟t your fault. - They wasn‟t nothing‟ else to do. - … the thing had to be done. You were in a fix. - O plague on‟t unkle – „tis mere nonsense – - I assure you Sir Peter Good Nature becomes you. - “I never blame anyone. It‟s quite out of fashion” - “Ever‟body goes wild. I do too.” - “But you ain‟t got a sin on your soul like me.” - “Sure I got sins. Ever‟body got sins.” Imperative sentences: - Don‟t you worry. - Don‟t pay no mind. - Keep your nerve. Interrogative sentences: - What you a – mopin‟ about? If it‟ sech a nice place why have you got to mope? - Why not? They‟re pretty nice, them schools. - What you need care, if you have your money‟s worth? Exclamatory sentences: - Poor dear Girl – who knows – what her situation may be! - Poor Charles! - Ah! You are both of you too good-natured! In most cases an imperative meaning of the sentence expresses the imperative of the verb in the form of the 2nd person. This is a typical way of expressing psychological support in the English language. - Don‟t take no blame. - Come, you sit down to Piquet with Mr. Surface. - Don‟t worry yourself, Rosasharn. Take your breath in when you need it, an‟let go when you need to. - Oh Never – fear. - I know how you‟re a-feelin‟, an‟ I know you can‟t he‟p it, but jus‟ keep your mouth shut… Argumentative statement can convey the speaker‟s optimism about the outcome of an unpleasant situation which has the addressee or give hope to him. It is constructed as follows: personal / universal pronouns + verb in the form of Future Indefinite/ be going/ not be going + infinitive: - You gonna get you some milk today. - They‟ll be fun. You jus‟ wait. Be fun purty soon. Git a house an‟ a place, purty soon. - None of this here talk gonna keep us from goin‟there, we‟ll get then. When we get there, we‟ll get then. When we get a job we‟ll work, an‟ when we don‟t get a job we‟ll set on our tail. This here talk ain‟t gonna do no good no way. - “I haven‟t the nerve and strength for the sort of thing you want” - “I will stimulate you” The construction with “would” also can give to the addressee positive effect and make him self-assured, for instance: - I wish you wouldn‟t. I wouldn‟t like to mess up your plans, you know… - You‟d better not… Evaluation of the speaker‟s situation, presentation causes of the negative state of the addressee are usually implemented in two-part sentences: - It‟s better so. - It ain‟t your fault. - You couldn‟t he‟p it. Elliptical sentences without some parts of the sentences can also express psychological support: - Quiet, quiet. - Hush! It‟ll be awright. - “Well good luck: - “Same to you. So long” Support-consent is mostly expressed by declarative sentences: - You can turn the lock if you‟re like that, you know. Any time. - A very good idea. - …So they tractored all the tenants off a the lan‟. All „cept me, an‟ by God I ain‟t goin‟. Tommy, you know me. You knowed me all your life. - Damn right, all my life. Exclamatory sentences were used by the authors of the novels in order to express support-consent: - If we could get work - Yeah! If you could get work. - It‟s fact. - Undeniable fact! - … in fact the whole fabric of a man except the red of his blood and the black pigment of hair are all made up of transparent, colourless tissue. - Great Heavens! Of course, of course! Support-consent is also expressed in a hidden meaning by means of such interrogative sentences: - Why not? You ain‟t no cripple. - A good – [h]onest Trade you‟re learning, Sir Oliver – - Truly, I think so – and not unprofitable. - Oh, surely she is a pretty woman. - I am very glad you think so ma‟am. Support-consent can be implemented in elliptical utterances: - … Moses would have him inquire if the borrower is a minor – - O yes – - …so, if Charles is undone. He‟ll find half his Acquantance ruin‟s too , and that, you know, is a consolation – - Doubtless, Ma‟am- a very great one. - You‟re gonna study nights „bout radios. Ain‟t you? - Yeah, sure... Under the speech act of support-consent we can distinguish some several semantic types which depend on pragmatic setting of the speech act: 1. Simple consent shows the speaker‟s willingness to support the position of the interlocutor, it does not transmit his relationship to her completely. It is implemented by means of words and phrase sentences such as: „yes‟ utterances, „all right‟ and etc.: - All right. We‟ll go along. - Yeah. He give us the straight talk, awright… - Yes, we would. - Yes, yes… - Right Moses. 2. Strong consent shows more explicated expression of support – consent with the meaning of reliability such as: confidence, assumption, doubt, uncertainty and etc. It is implemented by word / phrase sentences as „sure‟, „right‟, and etc., and also by two-part sentences: - Damn right. - Exactly. - Sure. - Precisely. - That‟s true. - Very much. - Just so. - Yes, indeed! - of course… - Yes, most undoubted! Expression of support where it shows to the addressee that his idea, point of view is the most unpredictable and the speaker can never think up about this: - That‟s a good idea Whyn‟t you think a that before? - That‟s a good way… Yes, that‟s a good way. - Egad I like this Idea better that the other. - Ma‟am- a very great one. Strong consent is also expressed as the utterances which are designed to approve perfectly the addressee‟s point of view and make the addressee is fully right in that position he has: - I wisht so too. - I am very glad you think so ma‟am. - It‟s the bes‟ way. I gotta agree. - Yes that‟s very great Point. - Aye, great Pity! - Egad with all my Heart. There are some complex sentences with „wish‟ and „if-clause‟ that can express regret, wish, permission and simultaneously support intention. - It‟s awright. I wisht you didn‟t do it. I wisht you wasn‟t there. But you done what you had to do. - I wish I had – for I want you to be in a charming sweet temper at this moment – to be good humour‟ d now … - Touched nothing‟. If you‟re touched, I wish everybody was touched. - Ah! Mrs. Candour, if everybody had your Forbearance and good nature… In the sentence If you‟re touched, I wish everybody was touched expresses the strong psychological support. Author used two constructions in one compound sentence: If-clause + I wish. And indefinite pronoun as everybody conveys the speaker‟s optimism toward the negative action of the addressee and promotes the recipient to the state of calm. The speaker uses only imperative sentences to express support in the action: - Get up, old girl. - Go on. - Come along with those boxes… - Sit down, Mr. Premium. Support in the action is expressed by through verbal predicate in the imperative mood in the form of the 2nd person. It is widely spread example to motivate the addressee to do some actions and make him more self-assured: - Come in here. - Come on, come on in now. She got to see you… - Come on, then over this way. - Well, I got to go on. Anything you want, why, come over to the office. I‟m there all the time. - Come on, let‟s hurry. - Come up. - Yes? Go on. Interrogative sentences or word such as “well?” is used more times by author: - I‟ll tell you something… - I must do this… - Well? -Why not? Exclamatory sentences expresses support in the action with their strong emotion: - Come on! Give it to me. - You‟re welcome! Ma always favoured you. - Get on! Speech act of support in the action can be expressed in two-part sentences: - But who‟s to get supper? - I‟ll get supper. You go right ahead. - We‟d be proud to have ya. We ain‟t got much that‟s nice, but you‟re welcome. - I can‟t, Ma. I‟m so darn sore I couldn‟ chew. - You better try. Support-approval is frequently used and expressed as evaluation of the act of the addressee. Evaluative declarative elliptical sentences with omission some parts of the sentence are spread in this communicative situation: - …I worked right beside „em. - Awright … Good work. - That sure was did nice. - Nice work… And also this speech act is implemented in declarative two-part sentences: - No – Faith – to tell you the Truth „tis a Jew and a Broker who are come by appointment. - O dam it let‟s have the Jew in. - Ah! My dear Verjuice the merit of this belong to you. - You done good. You done jus‟ good. - O.K., Al. Turn her over... Throttle down! She‟ll burn oil till that wire goes. Getting‟ thinner now… Put up the spark an‟ let her idle… O.K.,Al Turn her off. I think we done her… - You make a darn good mechanic. 4. Results Due to the analysis of the syntactic means of expression of support intention syntactic patterns and communicative types of the sentences in the English language were defined. Declarative sentences are common in use to express any type of speech act. Imperative sentences are spread in speech acts such as: psychological support and support in the action. Interrogative and exclamatory sentences are used for strengthening the meaning and giving some special color of psychological support, support-consent and support in the action (see Table 1). Table 1. The proportion of communicative types of sentences, expressing support intention Communicative Number of type of the Examples % examples sentences Declarative It‟s gonna be alright. You couldn‟t help it. That‟s good 206 62% idea. Imperative Don‟t worry. Keep your nerve. Come on! Get on! 98 29% Interrogative What you a – mopin‟ about? If it‟ such a nice place 9 3% why have you got to mope? Why not? Exclamatory Can‟t help that! Unfortunate indeed! Poor dear Girl – 19 6% who knows – what her situation may be! General 332 100% Personal sentences and two-part sentences are frequent in use, especially in cases when the speaker expresses psychological support and support in the action. Support approval is often expressed by two – part sentences. Elliptical and complex sentences are also the means of expressing any type of support. These sentences give the meaning of support in some special way. They are not so much as other types of the sentences but the conversation in order to support the addressee is also successful. Table 2. The proportion of structural-semantic types of sentences, expressing support intention Structural- Number of semantic type of Examples % examples the sentence I. Simple Don‟t be angry. It‟s alright. 112 34% sentences Personal Don‟t think about it. Pull yourself together. 98 30% Nominal It is very simple. It‟s true. 14 4% impersonal II. Two – part That‟s a good idea. Everything will be all right. You‟re 114 34% a good girl III. Elliptical Quiet. Gently. Easy. Very true. 62 19% IV. Complex I know how you feel. That‟s awright if we‟re doin‟ 44 13% anythin‟. If you‟re touched, I wish everybody was touched. General 332 100% 5. Conclusions Thus, there is a number of syntactic patterns of expression of support intention in the English language. Thus, declarative sentences are spread in use to express any type of speech act. Imperative sentences are spread in speech acts such as: psychological support and support in the action. Interrogative and exclamatory sentences are used for strengthening the meaning and giving some special color of psychological support, support - consent and support in the action. 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