Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation 69 Malgorzata Kloc  Editor Symbiosis: Cellular, Molecular, Medical and Evolutionary Aspects Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation Volume 69 SeriesEditors JacekZ.Kubiak,Rennes,France MalgorzataKloc,Houston,TX,USA Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation is an up-to-date book series that presents and explores selected questions of cell and developmental biology. Each volumefocusesonasingle,well-definedtopic.Reviewsaddressbasicquestionsand phenomena, but also provide concise information on the most recent advances. Together,thevolumesprovideavaluableoverviewofthisexcitinganddynamically expandingfield.ThisseriesisindexedinPubMed. Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/400 Malgorzata Kloc Editor Symbiosis: Cellular, Molecular, Medical and Evolutionary Aspects Editor MalgorzataKloc DepartmentofSurgery,TheHouston MethodistHospitaland TheHoustonMethodistResearchInstitute Houston,TX,USA ISSN0080-1844 ISSN1861-0412 (electronic) ResultsandProblemsinCellDifferentiation ISBN978-3-030-51848-6 ISBN978-3-030-51849-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51849-3 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2020 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors, and the editorsare safeto assume that the adviceand informationin this bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG. Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface Microbialsymbiosisplayedapivotalroleintheevolutionofeukaryoticorganisms. Whilethedomesticatedendosymbioticbacteriaevolvedintocellularorganellessuch as mitochondria and plastids, the viruses and/or nuclear dwelling bacteria were probably the source of some of the eukaryotic genetic material. The existence of today’splants,someunicellularorganisms,andanimals,includinghumans,depends onextremelycomplexandmultifacetedinteractionsbetweenthesymbiontsandtheir hosts.Fromtheperspectiveofhumanwell-being,wenowrealizethatthesymbiotic relationshipbetweenthemicrobiotaandthehostnotonlymodulatesmetabolismand immuneresponsebutalsoinhibitspathogensandthatadisruptionofthissymbiotic homeostasismayleadtovariousdiseases.Thisbookcoversthecurrentknowledge ondifferentaspectsofevolution,mechanisms,andmolecularsignalingindifferent types of symbiosis and theirpotential therapeuticapplications. The first part ofthe volumedescribesthenuclearsymbiosisandhowthetransferofgeneticinformation shaped symbiont and host genome and how the symbionts influence cell fate and differentiation.Thesecondpartdiscusseshowthesymbiontsperceiveandadjustto thehostenvironmentanddescribestheevolutionaryaspectsofsymbiosis,apoptosis, chemiosmosis,andmembranecompartments.Thethirdpartsummarizesthecurrent knowledgeontheevolutionandmechanismsofphotosynthesisandnitrogenfixation in plants. The fourth part describes the diversity of symbionts in nematodes and insectsandtheiremergingimportanceforhumanhealthanddisease.Thefinal(fifth) part describes our dependence on the microbiome integrity, how the symbiosis shapestheadaptiveandimmuneresponses,andwhatarethenovelavenuesforthe therapeutic interventions in balancing the symbiont/host homeostasis and fighting thediseases. Houston,USA MalgorzataKloc v Book Abstract Symbiosis is an interaction between different organisms. The symbiotic origin of cellularorganellesandtheexchangeofthegeneticmaterialbetweenhostsandtheir bacterialandviralsymbiontshaveshapedthebiodiversityoflife.Recently,symbi- osishasgainedanewlevelofrecognitionthroughtherealizationthatallorganisms functionasaholobiomeandthatanykindofinterferencewiththehostsinfluences their symbionts and vice versa and reverberates in profound consequences in the sustenanceofboth.Forexample,inhumans,themicrobiome,whichisthecollection of all the microorganisms living in association with the intestines, oral cavity, urogenitalsystem,andskin,isinheritedduringpregnancyandinfluencesmaturation andfunctioningofhumanimmunesystem,protectsagainstpathogens,andregulates metabolism.Thesymbiontsalsoregulatecancerdevelopment,woundhealing,tissue regeneration,andstemcellfunction.Themedicalapplicationsofthisnewrealization are vast and largely uncharted. The composition and the status of robustness of humansymbiontscouldbeusedasthediagnostictooltopredictimpendingdiseases, and the manipulation of symbionts could open new strategies for treatment of incurablediseases. Thisvolumewillbeuniqueincoveringmolecular,organellar,cellular,immuno- logic, genetic, and evolutionary aspects of symbiotic interactions in humans and other model systems and fostering new ideas for interdisciplinary research and therapeuticapplications. vii Contents PartI TransferofGeneticInformation,NuclearSymbiosis,andCellular Differentiation 1 ViralSymbiosisintheOriginsandEvolutionofLifewithaParticular FocusonthePlacentalMammals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 FrankRyan 2 GeneTransferAgentsinSymbioticMicrobes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 SteenChristensenandLauraR.Serbus 3 EvolutionfromFree-LivingBacteriatoEndosymbiontsofInsects: GenomicChangesandtheImportanceoftheChaperonin GroEL. .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. 77 BeatrizSabater-MuñozandChristinaToft 4 EpidemiologyofNucleus-DwellingHolospora:Infection, Transmission,Adaptation,andInteractionwithParamecium. . . . . 105 MartinaSchrallhammerandAlexeyPotekhin 5 TrendsinSymbiont-InducedHostCellularDifferentiation. . . . . . . 137 ShelbiL.RussellandJennieRuelasCastillo PartII Origin,AdaptationsandEvolutionaryAspectsofSymbiosis 6 We’reinthisTogether:SensationoftheHostCellEnvironment byEndosymbioticBacteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 CoryD.Dunn,TamaraSomborac,andBalaAnıAkpınar 7 PhenotypeHeritabilityinHolobionts:AnEvolutionaryModel. . . . 199 SaúlHuitzil,SantiagoSandoval-Motta,AlejandroFrank, andMaximinoAldana ix x Contents 8 TheRoleofConstructiveNeutralEvolutionintheDevelopment ofComplexityfromSymbioses:AMicrobe-CentricView. . . . . . . . 225 RamakrishnanSitaraman 9 Chemiosmosis,EvolutionaryConflict,andEukaryoticSymbiosis. . 237 NeilW.Blackstone 10 SymbioticOriginofApoptosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 SzymonKaczanowski 11 ThePuzzlingConservationandDiversificationofLipidDroplets fromBacteriatoEukaryotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 JosselinLupetteandEricMaréchal PartIII EvolutionandRoleofSymbiosisinPhotosynthesisandNitrogen Fixation 12 EvolutionofPhotosyntheticEukaryotes;CurrentOpinion, Perplexity,andaNewPerspective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 ShinichiroMaruyamaandEunsooKim 13 ThePhotosyntheticAdventureofPaulinellaSpp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 PrzemysławGagat,KatarzynaSidorczuk,FilipPietluch,andPaweł Mackiewicz 14 TheEvolutionaryAspectsofLegumeNitrogen–FixingNodule Symbiosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 DefengShenandTonBisseling 15 EarlyMolecularDialogueBetweenLegumesandRhizobia: WhyAreTheySoImportant?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 OswaldoValdés-López,MaríadelRocíoReyero-Saavedra, MarielC.Isidra-Arellano,andMaríadelSocorroSánchez-Correa PartIV DiversityofNematodeandInsectSymbionts 16 TheWolbachiaSymbiont:Here,ThereandEverywhere. . . . . . . . . 423 EmilieLefoulon,JeremyM.Foster,AlexTruchon,C.K.S.Carlow, andBartonE.Slatko 17 MolecularRegulatorsofEntomopathogenicNematode–Bacterial Symbiosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453 IoannisEleftherianosandChristaHeryanto 18 TheDiversityofSymbioticSystemsinScaleInsects. . . . . . . . . . . . 469 TeresaSzklarzewicz,AnnaMichalik,andKatarzynaMichalik 19 BacterialSymbiontsofTsetseFlies:RelationshipsandFunctional InteractionsBetweenTsetseFliesandTheirSymbionts.. . . .. . . .. 497 GeoffreyM.Attardo,FrancescaScolari,andAnnaMalacrida Contents xi PartV Symbiosis,AdaptiveandImmuneResponses,andTherapeutic Interventions 20 OurMicrobiome:OntheChallenges,Promises,andHype. . . . . . . 539 SaraFederici,JothamSuez,andEranElinav 21 Endosymbiont-MediatedAdaptiveResponsestoStress inHolobionts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559 SiaoYeandEvanSiemann 22 MicrobialMetabolitesasMolecularMediatorsofHost-Microbe SymbiosisinColorectalCancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581 J.M.Keane,S.A.Joyce,C.G.M.Gahan,N.P.Hyland, andA.Houston 23 TheMacrophagesandIntestinalSymbiosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605 MalgorzataKloc,AhmedUosef,MahmoudElshawwaf, AhmedAdelAbbasAbdelshafy,KamalMamdohKamalElsaid, JacekZ.Kubiak,andRafikMarkGhobrial