SWEETBRIARCOLLEGE 324490510846 1 SWEET BRIAR COLLEGE ARCHIVES LD GAZETTE LIBRARY 7251 .S92 L43 Vol. XLIII 2010 .43 2010 Bill Blackbeard: The Collector Who Rescued the Comics nJanuaryof1998,ateamof moversarrivedatthistypical, n»« Rin-der- Kids abroad I!unassumingSpanish stuccohomein TriumphantH^hjmgfth«Kids.inthefamilyBathtvb!! thequietresidentialneighborhood ffilHlJI knownastheSunsetDistrictofSan Francisco. Inside,itwasanythingbut typical.Themoversdiscoveredthat everynookandcrannywasoverflowing Blackbeard'sSanFranciscohome with—printedmaterialofallshapesand sizes books,magazines,comic books, pulps,storypapers,prints,postersand, — mostimportantly,newspapers bound newspapers,individualnewspapers, newspapertearsheets,andnewspaper clippings.Themassivecollectionfilled mostofthe 12 roomsupstairsandthe entireground-floorgaragethatran the lengthofthebuilding. Walkingdownthestairstothe immensegarage,theysawamazeof narrowalleyscreatedbyfloor-to-ceiling stacksofindividualnewspaperpagesand boundnewspapervolumes,boxesandfile cabinetscontainingmillionsofcomicstrip -^*M clippings;androwsofshelvesmadefrom Kin-der-kidsbyLionel cratesturnedontheirsideshousingall Feininger,May6,1906 kindsofpopularnarrative. Feiningerwasanestablished Inadditiontohousingthecollection,knownastheSan Germanartistatthetimehe FranciscoAcademyofComicArt,thebuildingalsoservedasthe wasrecruitedtocreatecomics. residenceofthemanresponsibleforcollectingthismassofpaper: Tdheirs-ksitdrsiptfaekaitnugroefdftohneaKisne-a Bill Blackbeard. Helivedtherewithhiswife,Barbara,andover adventureinthefamilybathtub. 75 tonsofpopularculturematerial. Feiningerismostfamousfor Afewmonthsearlier,the Blackbeards,whohadlivedinthis hispaintings,whichwere housefordecades,learnedthatthenewownerofthe building heavilyinfluencedbycubism, andforhisaffiliationwiththe wouldnotrenewtheirleaseandhewantedthemandallofthis Bauhausschool. materialout. BlackbeardbegannegotiationswithOhioState's AllimagescourtesyofOhio CartoonResearchLibrary,anditwaseventuallydecidedthat StateUniversityBillyIreland CartoonLibraryandMuseum. JennyRobb,AssistantProfessorandAssociateCuratorofthe BillBlackbeardwithhiscollection CartoonLibraryandMuseumatOhioState University, wasthe GerhardMasnrMemorialspeakeratthespringFriendsofLibrary andFriendsofArt.Hertalkwas"BillBlackbeard:theCollector whoRescuedtheComics. theonlywaytosavethematerial,was presentedproblems:therewasnoindex tomoveitalltoColumbus,OH.With ofwhichpapersranwhichstripsand onlyafewdaystogo,themoversfaced itoftenchangedfromdaytodayor thedauntingtaskofpackingtheentire monthtomonth. collectiontobeshippedacrossthe Plus,Blackbeardsoondiscovered country.Thecollectionwasbyfarthe thateventhislastresortwouldnotbe largesteveracquiredbytheLibrary aviablealternativeforlong. Librarians andisoneofitsmostimportantforthe acrossthecountryhadencountered studyofpopularc—ultureingenerala—nd problemsoftheirownwithregards graphicnarrative orsequentialart in totheover-sizednewspapervolumes. particular. Theywererunningoutofroomto Blackbeardwasbornin 1926. BillBlackbeardgrewupinLawrence,Indiana. storethem—,andtheyfearedthattheold Hespenthisearlychildhoodinthe Afterhighschool,Blackbeardjoined newsprint—duetotheacidicnatureof ruraltownofLawrence,Indiana. His thearmyin 1944andservedin Europe thepaper woulddeteriorateovertime grandfatheroperatedaservicestation; duringWWII. Nextheattendedcollege becomingbrittleandunusable,even fatherwasanelectrician;mother until hisGIfundingranoutthen turningtodust. handledthe bookkeepingsideofher becameafree-lancewriter,including Asolutionborrowedfromtheworld husband'sbusiness.Whenhewas authoringstoriesforthepulps. ofmilitarytechnologvgainedpopularity approximately8or9,hemovedto Hecontinuedtodevelophisinterest startinginthemid-twentiethcentury: NewportBeach,CA. inthe humanitiesandpopularliterature. microfilm. Librariescouldhavelong Hisinterestinnewspapercomics In 1967, Blackbeardsawtheneedfor runsofnewspapersmicrofilmed,then startedwhenhewasachild.Thehigh ascholarlyhistoryofthenewspaper transfer,sellordestroytheoriginal pointoftheweekforyoungBlackbeard comicstrip.Thecomicstrip,created papervolumes.Themicrofilmwould, wasthearrivaloftheSundaycomics.1 inthe mid 1890stosellnewspapers ofcourse,takeuponlvafractionof Atsomepointinhisyouth,hemade andamusethemasses,hadrarelv thestoragespaceandproponents the happvdiscoverythatmanypeople beenconsideredworthyof promisedthatitwouldlastlongerthen accumulatedstacksofnewspapersin seriousanalysisorstudy. 71 theirbasementsandgarages;sometimes Severalpioneeringefforts' touseaswrappingorscrappaper; fellshortoftheup-to-date sometimesbecausetheyjustdidn'tget andaccuratehistorythat aroundtodisposingofthem(Those Blackbeardintended to werethedaysbeforerecycling).When write. Bythe late 1960s, I interviewed Blackbeardforthis socialhistoryandpopular project,hesaid "OnceIdiscovered culturestudiesweregaining this,Ihadnootherinterestinlifethan respectaslegitimatefields findingthesecachesofnewspapers." ofacademicinquiry,and Heminedthenewspapersfortheir hesoldtheconcepttothe comicpages,whichheeagerlyreadand Oxford UniversityPress. begantokeepinstacks,although he But Blackbeardlaceda complainedthathismotherdidn'tallow dilemma. Inordertobeable hthiemm,ensoouhgehlsipmaicteedinhitmhseehlfoutsoedatiolykeep ttorewnrdisteanadboaudtvatnhceeso,riaginnds, SOannthFerarnigChatll,isJaunseca2n1,f1r9o0m3tOhenotrhiegilneafltitseatrhsehemeitc.roIfnitlhmeomfitchreofpialgme. comicpagesandSundaysectionsfrom socialsignificanceofcomic version,welosenotonlycolorbuttextaswell.Also,thispieceis oneortwonewspapers. stripsthroughtheyears, particularlyinterestingbecauseoftheunusualcolorprintingmethod. famiAllitesh,ouitgsheceomlsletchtaitngBloafcteknberaurndsdiind hceomwpolueltedrnuenesdotfoiancdcievsisdual tMdruoultltysicperlxeepeepnrl,iamtmeeasnktiwanelgrneoantulusyreedthobrfuetenetcwhoselopcraosploeprorsascrioeblaloesr.apIrrtiedntseoimlnoigndsaittnrtsahtteeeatsdimtoehf,ea notinherithiscollectingobsession strips. Butnosucharchive- whichcan'tbeseenonthemicrofilm. orhisinterestincomicsfromhis existed.Thesyndicates parents.Whenaskedifeitherofthem routinelydestroyedoriginal thenewsprint. Inaddition,copiesof collectedanything,hereplied "Oh no, comicstripdrawingsandproofsthat themicrofilmcouldbesoldtoother I'mafraidtheywereprettymuchthe theynolongerwantedtostore;and libraries,whocouldthendisposeof typicalfinepeopleoftheirtime. No, fewcartoonistskeptcompleterecords theirpapervolumes.TheLibrary therewasnointerestalongthatlineat oftheirstrips. Heknewthatthecomics ofCongressbeganitsnewspaper all."2 Hesaidthattherewasnothingin could befoundinthe boundnewspaper microfilmingprojectin 1950;other familybackground,goingbacktohis \olumesinlibraries,buteventhat publicanduniversitylibrariesfollowed grandparentsthatwouldindicatean theirlead.4 interestincollecting. 3 includingTheSevenLivelyArtsbyGilbert Inthelate 1960s,whenBlackbeard 1 InterviewwithBillBlackbeard,May14, SCeolmdiesc,s|aanwdriTtheeri,reCdrietaotrorasn:dLciufletuSrtaorliecrsitoifc], wastryingtofigureoutthebest 2007. AmericanCartoonistsbyMartinSheridan,and 2 Ibid. The<'omicsbyCoultonWaugh 4 [bid,p.26-34.J 1 waytoresearchcomicstrips,theSan "An obsession organized" Ina 1975 brochure, Blackbeard FranciscoPublicLibraryalsomadethe wrote "TheAcademyfounderand decisiontodisposeofaportionofits Collectingcomicstripsbecamemore directorisinresidenceattheAcademy boundnewspapercollection. Heknew thanahobbyandmorethanacareer; withhiswife(whoisemployed somethelibrariansthereandoffered itbecamehiswayoflife. Blackbeard elsewhere),andisthusabletowork totakethevolumesofftheirhands and hisSanFranciscoAcademyof withthecollectionsandAcademy ratherthanseethemgotothedump; ComicAitepitomizethedefinitionofa undertakingsduringhiswaking but,accordingtoBill,thelibrary's collectioninanessaycalled"Calmand hourssevendaysaweek." Inanother policiesprohibitedthemtransferring Lmcollected,"".Theauthordefinesa brochure,hepromises24-hour dievolumestoaprivateindividual.So collectionas"anobsessionorganized" accessibilitytothematerial. Blackbearddecidedtobecomeanon- andhegoesontosayofthecollector, RussellBelkpointsoutin Collecting profitorganization. Hesaid,"Inever "ifhehasanyintrospection,he inaConsumerSociety,thatcollecting didanythingsofastinmylife. Inless beginsatsomepointtosensethatthe isaformofconsumptionbutitis thanaweek,IwastheSanFrancisco collectionpossesseshim."Thisisvery alsoacreativeandproductiveact.9 AcademyofComicArt."3TheSan fittingforBlackbeard. Blackbearddidmorethanjusthoard FranciscoPublicLibrarycouldnow Anearlynewspaperarticleaboutthe thenewspapers. Hesetouttocreate transferthenewspaperstothenew Blackbeardcollectionreportedthathe auniquearchivethatwould better Academy. servehisownstudiesandthoseof Even40vearslater,whenyoutalkto othercartoonhistorians,scholarsand himaboutthiscollection,hisfacelights publishers. Heknewfirst-handhow upandbecomesveryanimatedandhe tediousandphysicallyexhaustingit talksaboutthis "endless,unfathomable, wastopagethroughthehuge,heavy unbelievable bodyofboundnewspaper and bulkyvolumes.So,heandhiswife, volumes,completefordecades."6But alongwithothercomicstripfanswho Blackbearddidn'tstopthere.Aidedby volunteeredattheAcademy,laboriously hiswife,Barbaraandvariousfriends, clippedthedailyandSundaycomic hecontinuedhisquesttorescuethe stripsoutofmanyofthenewspapers comicsthatlibrariesacrossthecountry inordertoassemblecompleterunsof werediscarding. thestrips. Inthe 1990s,heestimated Inadditiontotheinitialcache theyhadclipped350,000Sundaystrips fromtheSanFranciscoPublicLibrary, and2.5 milliondailies.Adaily,bythe Blackbeardpickeduprunsofbound way,referstostripsthatranMonday- newspapersfrommanylibraries, Saturday. includingthe LibraryofCongress,the Clearly,Blackbeardisanextreme ChicagoPublicLibrary,theLosAngeles exampleofacompletist,asystematic Public Library,andtheCalifornia "tvpeA"collector,ratherthanan State LibraryinSacramento. Healso aesthetic "tvpe B."10Collectorslikehim receivedsomecollectionsfromthe gainpleasureandsatisfactionthrough newspapersthemselves.Accordingto completion,or,ifcompletionisnot Blackbeard,byandlarge,thelibrarians possible,throughachievingprogress weevernerheaspppoyndtoedseteotehmeemrggeon.ciBelsa—cktbheeard r"eTfhreirgee'rastbora,r"elnyotreodomanfoerartlhyenceouwpslpea'psebreda,rtsictloeveabaonudt t"coowlalredctoitr.'sHeangtaulikssha,"bowuhticexhpehreiencing CaliforniaStateLibrarvcalledhim in theBlackbeardcollection. describedas "knowingthattherewas themid-70sbecausethepowers-that- moreouttherethathadtobefound behaddemandedthattheybuildsome andhiswifesoldtheircarandmostof but[not] know[ing]wheretofindit."11 kindofsafetycorridorthroughthe theirpossessionstostarttheAcademy. Itwasn'tenoughtohaveexamplesof basementnewspaperstacksandthey Blackbeardisquotedassaying"We've strips,hehadtohavecompleterunsin wantedtoknowifhecouldtakeallof spentourlifesavingsgivingbirthto chronologicalorder.Somestripswould thelibrary'sout-of-statenewspapers, whatwebelieveaverynecessaryand notsuffice;heaspiredtoacquirerunsof butthecatchwasthathehadonly2 importantrepositoryforamajorart everystripeverpublished. weekstodoit. Billdispatchedandfilled form."8Thearticlenotedthat"there's Eventhatwasnotsatisfactory. 4successivetruck-loadsofpaperswithin barelyroomforthecouple'sbed,stove Blackbeardrecognizedthe thetimeallowedandmanagedtorescue andrefrigerator.Thebathroomisthe interrelationshipsbetweenallformsof thenewspapers. onlyroominthehousethatdoesnot popularculture. Hebelievedcomics doubleasacademyspace."Thereason couldbebestunderstoodinthelara;er givenforthisoneexceptionwastherisk ofmoisturedamagetotheobjects. 9 RussellW.Belk,CollectinginaConsumer Society(London:Routiedge,1995),p.55. 5 InterviewwithBillBlackbeard,May14, 7 AmericanScholar 10 DanetandKatariel,1989"andBelk,1995,p. 2007. 8 CharlesHillinger,"MuseumofComicStrip 46 6 Ibid. Art,"LosAngelesTimes,December13,1971 1 InterviewMav14,2007 — . 1*^1 **4 A ,u ' THE SUNMT RECORD-HERALD j JFSDEDOWnS'WMlADrLOVEKINS^OLDMAHMU1TA EXCITINGTINESATTHE SE\-SHORE, > IkSt. TheUpside-Downs,1904 McCay,LittleNemoinSlumberland,1905 LittleNemooriginal,1905 Thisisawonderfulandoddlittletreasure:The Thisisanotherexampleofanextraordinaryworkof ...asyoucanseefromthisexampleofaLittleNemo Upside-DownsofLittleLadyLovekinsandOldMan art,aLittleNemopagebythegreatWinsorMcCay, original.Itbegsthequestion,whatistheoriginal? MuffaroobyGustavVerbeek.Whenyouhavereadthe anditonlyexistsincolorinthisformat.Theoriginal, Isubmitthatbothobjectshaveartisticandhistoric stripright-side-up,youturnthestripupsidedown, ofcourse,isblackinkonpaper.. valueandbothshouldbepreserved. andthestorycontinues. contextofallnarrativeandgraphic Private vs. itmadeitavailableforme. Itwasn't materialcreatedforthecommon forthiswonderfulworldoutthere;I masses: frompennydreadfulstodime institutional collection? wantedit!" 13 novels;pulpmagazinestocomic books. Wasthisaprivateorapublic Belkwritesin Collectingina Hinicsluadmebitthieownhfoolrehiosfcpoolpluelctaironnagrrraetwivteo collection? Inmanyways,theAcademy aClomnossutmaelrwaSyoscicetoynttrhoaltw"hcaotnstuhmeeyroswcnan sothatheandotherresearchers functionedasalegitimatenon-profit. andpossess,collectorswhopossess Blackbeardinitiallyinstitutionalizedhis couldexaminethewaysthatdifferent aninterrelatedsetofobjectscontrola pinofpluuleanrceadrteaancdhloittheerra.tureinformedand ctgooelnaluceicqntueiilorynewaosabjnaetmcetadstttfeoorrmoiatf—keexbputethdehiemeantacleysroials s'leirttvleedwoasrlcdr'e"ato(r7,0)s.avBiloarcaknbdeacrodntirnodleleedr Blackbearddoesnotappearto have ofhis"littleworld." bhaeveenbmeoetnivcaotnetdenbtytporofmiatk;eheensoeuemgshto wacacsesvseirbylemtuocohthaerpsr.ivIanteotcohlelrecrteisopne—ctsitit tosupporthimselfandtheneeds washisvisionandhisobsessionand Blackbeard's Contribution osfeaxfulpntaedrhnsyeseufcsnro.ldolomHeucetbthitefoenudA.nlcdHyaeeddpeanmhiieydsv,fecoroarlltlhtoeihcosotkuliignavghinigts whtidfihearehsececcestorwooltalrladsseincirtltneoyiqo1mhun9aai9fird8nre.tdcoaomWtimohniptelshneanootvnree-iIgpaacirsonobnkfouteinardttorilhsdltiaooimttffus, nrheiesmweBssalepralcacfhpk,aebsrebaaucrtcodrmhuicesocalasdlleestrcoo.tvefHeadcreivblwoictaulasetnaedrrlhevisscsuoaiwwnng activitiesbysellingcopiesorduplicates hecandidlystated, thematerialsfromcertaindestruction. ofthecomicstripsandreproductionsof Fromdie beginning,herealized tHheeapluslopsedtiotecdololveectrorashaunnddrreesdeabrocohkerss. o"nOhy,outheoonretthiacta.llSyo,bauntytghreoyupneovferyocuhreck phroewseirvnaatdieoqnuaatnedmsitcurdoyfiolfmcwoamsicfsoranthde usingmaterialfrom thecollection, friendscanbetheboard.Oh,yeah,there WwhhiecnhIbrionutgerhvtieinweadddhiitmi,onhaelfculnadism.ed asirnuetpopcoeitrs.teaIdtinjtuotsatdnogg,iebtbslueitntnhtiohnbegoswdatvyhaet[vleyarouyug'hlrsoe]o,ksin cdoeafarrlteolooyfnisdn.igsTochunessrmieiocnhraoasfbioallumrtetatodhyeprbpeerseeonrbvlaeegmorsuerat thatheneverwrotegrantsorraised nwpointofview.Ofcourse,thepurpose newspaperheritage,mostnotablyby manonotdnealyip,brraaorsbileosetmhd.eor12anCnoednr-ttpahriaontfliiytnhcmeoumrseaenuwtmahsse oomafflsrfeoegmauselyaistnoirgotn[sosirics]atnaoontpyhrbeerov.deynItw[amlsaaunlg'fhtesa]s.a"nce oNbinocoohknoleDsoooufnbdlBieaefkomledor,sistnoihIimspwoacronntttarntootvefirosssciuuaesls academyonabare-bonesbudget. Blackbeardveryclearlycollectedforhis forcomicshistorians. Incidentally, ownsatisfaction.Whilediscussingthe Blackbeardhimselfisfeaturedin importanceofhiscollectiontopopular thatbookasthepersonwhoalerted culturescholars,heexclaimed "Well, 12 Ibid. 13 Interview Gasoline Alley Inthe 1920s,cartoonists begantotakeadvantageofserialized storiesthat had longbeen atradition in popularliterature.Storieswereserialized inthe stripoversomenumberofmonthsor years.Thisallowedthemtodevelopmore 8PACECOMICSECTION (Qjicnga<SagajjSrlbxmc. ,.£."££22" complicated narrativesandtoensurethat customerswould come backdayafter daytofind outwhathappens.Thesewere called continuityorstorystrips. GasolineAlleyoriginated asasingle panel cartoonfeaturingguysin agarage arguingaboutautomobiles.The publisher ofthe newspaperdecidedthatthestrip should becomeastorystripandthat NewYorkHerald,1900,DanSmith itshouldfeatureababy.Soababywas Thispageisinterestingbecauseotthewayitincor- leftonthedoorstepofthe principal poratesphotographsaroundthisstunningdrawingby character;Walt,whowasabachelorSo illustratorDanSmith. ofcourse,Waltdecidedto raisethechild himself.Fromthatpointon,thestrip becomesmoreofagentlesoap operaor Bakertowhatthelibrariesweredoing. melodramastrip.Inthe installmentatleft, Blackbeardconsistentlyrefutedthe the baby,Skeezix,goeson awonderful argumentthatnewsprintisinherently self-destructive. Blackbeardtoldme dreamadventurewith awitch.Also,note though,thatBakerdisapprovedof up inth—ecorner;thattheTribune ran a GasolineAlley,1923 whathewasdoing,becauseitinvolved contest readerscouldwin $10,000cash cuttingupthenewspapersthathe iftheyhad an ideaforGasolineAlleythat rescued. In 1980,Blackbeardwrote "Itis was used inthestrip. myconvictionthatthepresentand Perhaps King'sgreatestcontribution is long-extendeddeterminationofmost thathewasthefirsttoallowhischaracters Americanlibrariestodumptheiroften to age.Sothechildyou see inthe upper literallvpricelessprintednewspaper filesupon'replacement1bymicrofilmis strip in 1923 isayoungboy inthe lower nothinglessthananarchivaldisaster."14 onefrom 1934. Inhindsight,it'ssurprisingthatnational This isone large imageofahouse under libraryleadersdidnotworktogether toensurethesurvivalofatleastone construction,butKinghasdivided itinto originalandcompletepaperrunof panelsandthereaderunderstandsthatthe eachnewspaper,oratleasteachmajor characterswhich appearin each panel,are newspaper,whichcouldserveasthe movingthroughtimeastheyalsophysically mastercopyandcouldbeusedwhen movethroughthe partiallyconstructed researchersneededtoexaminethe originalorwantedhighquality,color house.So itworksasasingle image but reproductions.Thankfully,Blackbeard alsoassequential panels.It's reallyquitea managedtorescueandpreservealarge sophisticatedgraphicnarrativetechnique. phaarvteobfeoeunrlohsetr.itagethatotherwisemay Thenextweekwassimilar,butyou can see BABE @ RUTH^^!^TS Hewasattheforefrontofthetrend thatthehouse ismuchfurtheralonginthe construction process.EventuallySkeezix GasolineAlley,1934 14SLmeittthesrofnrioamnBIinlsltiBtluatcikonb,ea2r/d1t5o/8C0ha;rlSeasnBlitzer, growsup,gets married,and has kidsofhis FranciscoAcademyofComicArtCollection, own. TheOhioStateUniversityCartoonResearch Library. NellBrinkley,KathleenandtheGreatSecret,1920 TheSundaysupplementshadmorethancomics.They includedserializedandillustratedfiction,poetryand illustratednon-fiction.Thisisaserializedromance andadventurestorybyNellBrinkleyfrom1920. Brinkley,oneofonlyafewwomenworkinginthe business,becameacelebrityandahouseholdname. TheBrinkleyGirlsucceededtheGibsonGirl,butshe wasmuchmorespiritedandindependent.Brinkley wasofthefirsttolinkyoung,beautifulwomenwith thewomen'ssuffragemovement.Theyactuallysold m haircurlers,sowomencouldcopytheBrinkleyGirl's famoushairstyle. Inonestoryfrom1918,GoldenEyesgoestoEurope, v Iw whereherlove,BillisfightinginWWI.Shedrivesan - ambulancefortheRedCross,iscapturedbyanevil ^ Germancaptain,stealssecretplansfromhim,and gj finallyrescuesBillwhowasinjuredinthebattlefield. «BV.« Brinkleygirlsdidn'tsitaroundandwaitfortheirman ^ •; s* tocomehome,theyactedheroicallythemselves. y 7 No.o1fSavrQiew*.mPw*ttuC^"-N»*wamRiomTa«nittic ' - FroggiesJazzBand Thisisapagefromthe"BookofMagic,"whichwasa quirkyactivitysupplementforkids.Youcouldcutout thesefrogsandmakeyourownFroggyJazzBand. inlate-20thcenturycontemporary timefocusedontheoriginalart,what createanonlinedigitalfindingaid.We collecting,(examinedbyPaulMartin couldbeconsideredthe "masterpieces," wereabletohireafull-timearchivist in PopularCollectingandtheEveryday ratherthanthemass-produced for3vears,butstill,lessthenhalfofthe Self,)tocollecteverydayobjects,the newsprint. collectionhasbeenprocessedtodate. "inexpensiveandunconsidered,"the Thesecollectionsincludethe Thedecisionwasmadetofocuson "materialdetritusofconsumersociety," SwannCollection,startedin 1967and theoldestmaterialfirst. Ingeneral, asnewspapers,comic—booksandpulp nowattheLibraryofCongress,the thematerialisorganizedbythetitle fictionc—ertainlywere andsometimes InternationalMuseumofCartoonArt, ofthestrip.Thedailystrips(Monday- stillare considered.Thestripswere startedbycartoonistMortWalkerin Saturday)arestoredbyyear.Thefull ephemeralandcommon.Theywere 1974,andtheArtWoodCollection, pages,ortearsheets,fromtheSunday consideredthrow-away;somethingto alsonowattheLibraryofCongress. newspapersarestoredinacid-free readtodayandusetolightafireorto When Blackbeardlosttheleaseon foldersorganizedchronologicallyby linethebirdcagetomorrow. hishomein 1997,theseobjectswere thetitleofthestrip. Inmanycases, Andincreatingthecollectionfrom againindangerofbeingdestroyed. Blackbeardsavedentirecomicsor everyday,mass-producedemphemera, Afterayearofnegotiation,the colorsupplementsections,whichare hemadeaconsciousefforttoelevate Cartoon Library&Museumwasable alsoorganizedchronologicallyby thestatusofthecomicstrip,to topurchasetheentirecollection. It newspaper. transportitfromtheprofanetothe consistedofsixtractor-trailertrucksfrill Thecollectionisusedbyresearchers sacred. Hiscrucialcontributionwas ofmaterial.Although Blackbeardand fromawidevarietyofdisciplines, inrecognizingthevalueofobjects hiswife Barbarahadkeptthematerials includingEnglish,communications,art, thatothersconsideredsocommonas organizedandneatlystacked,therewas Americanstudies,popculturestudies tobeworthless,orattheveryleast, nowrittenindexorfindingaid. inappropriateforseriouseffortsat Havingliterallylivedwiththe preservation. collectionforover30years, Blackbeard Blackbeardwasnotalone;hewas undoubtedlyknewwhereeverything partofawidermovementinthesecond was.Thecomplicationsofpackingand halfofthe20thcenturyofscholars, transportingthemassofmaterialcaused cartoonists,andculturalcriticswho aportionoftheoriginalarrangement attemptedtolegitimizecartoonsand tobelost,whichmadeprocessingthe comicsasanartformworthyofserious collectionatrulydauntingtask. study. Itisimportanttonote,however, Fortunately,theGettyFoundation thatmostothermajorcollectionsof provided fundingforathree-year Dailystripsare comicstripsstartedaroundthesame projecttoprocessthematerialsandto ancoiwd-sftroereefdolidners Blackbeard, without question or quibble, is the only absolutely indispensablefigure in the history of eomies scholarshipfor the last quarter century. — R. C. Harvey, ComicsHistorian TheTigressandhercubs. Bothoftheseweredrawnbyanearlyanimator namedE.G.Lutz.whowroteabookaboutanimation publishedin1920.Itwasthisbookthatinspiredand taughtWaltDisney. andhistory.Anditisheavilyusedby wascalledtheSmithsonianCollection, comicstripreprintpublishers. Ishould noneofthehundredsofcomicstrips alsoaddthatthepulpfictionand featuredinitspagesactuallycamefrom sciencefictionwastransferredtoOSU's theSmithsonian;theywereallsupplied Rare BooksandManuscriptsLibrary bvBlackbeardfromtheAcademv's whereitcomplementstheextensive treasures. CharvatCollectionofAmericanFiction. Individualcollectorslikehim Blackbeardneverdidproduce havemadeacriticalcontributionto thecomicstriphistorythathehad thepreservationofpopularculture originallysetouttowriteforOxford materials,collectingandcaringfor Univ. Press;insteadheembarkedona ephemeralitemsthatlibraries,museums projectthathascontributedmoretothe anduniversitieslongthoughtwere scholarshipinthefieldthananysingle notworthsaving. Inthiscase,not bookcouldhave. Comicshistorian onlydidinstitutionsfailtoacquire R.C.Harveywrote,"Blackbeard, comicstripmaterial,buttheywere withoutquestionorquibble,isthe actuallydiscardingwhattheyhad onlyabsolutelyindispensable figurein inadvertentlycollected. Itwasatthis thehistoryofcomicsscholarshipfor pointthatBlackbeardfoundhismission thelastquartercentury."1"Inmany inlife. Hisobsessionresultedina casesthecurrentgenerationofcomics remarkablecontributiontothescholarly scholarsdiscoveredthesewonderful communityandhelpedmakepossible oldcomicsfromthereprintbooksthat thepreservationanddocumentationof Blackbeardedited,oneinparticular arichandcolorfulpartofourheritage. calledthe Smithsonian Collectionof NewspaperComics. Itfeaturedmany earlystrips. Onecomicsscholar,said thatheconsideredthebooktobeas importantasthe Bibleorthe Koran. Originallypublished:JennyE.Robb. "Bill Interestingly,eventhoughthebookwas Blackbeard:TljeCollectorWhoRescued publishedbytheSmithsonianandit theComics."JournalofAmerican Culture. Vol.32, no.3. (September2009): 15 R.C.Harvey,"MilestonesatTwoScoreand 244-256. One,"ComicsJournal200(December1997), Tinsarticlehasbeeneditedforspace. p.79 — 2010 NICOLE BASBANES '04 BOOK COLLECTING CONTEST Alexander the Great Collection FustPlace Winner: Courtney Cunningham '10 MyinterestinAlexander thannotIflewthroughthebooksso aboutAlexanderledtoadesirefor theGreat,andthusmy quicklyIfailedtoreallyabsorbthe anythingwrittenaboutAlexander, largestindividualbook content. Forsomereason,outofall whichinturnbroughtmeintocontact collection,wasinspired the booksIreaduptothatpoint,the withbooksontheclassicalworldin byahistoricalfictiontrilogyIchecked "Alexandertrilogy"byMaryRenault generalandGreeceinparticular. outfromanearbypubliclibraryatage FirefromHeave—n, ThePersianBoy,and WhenIhadexhaustedthelibrary's eleven. Ihadalwaysbeenavoracious FuneralGames wastheonlyseriesto smallAlexandercollectionIbegged reader,butbythatyearIwasreading completelycapturemyattentionand mymothertobringmetoHalfPrice asmanyassixnovelsperweek. Ithad imagination. Ireturnedtothelibrary Books,anindependentusedbookstore becomeanaddiction fueledmainlyby andcheckedoutevery Renaultbook thatwasclosetomyhouseinHouston the boredomIexperiencedwhile in theyhad,including TheMaskofApollo, (I recendylearnedthatitisactually schoolandathome,formyclasseswere TljeLastofthe Wine,and TheNature alargechain). Icheckedboththe notchallengingandwehad littlein ofAlexander.Thefirsttwoareother biographyandthehistorysections,but thewayofentertainmentatmyhouse historicfictionnovelssetinancient all Icouldfindwasonethickbookwith beyondmymother'simpressivelibrary. Greece,butthelatterisactuallya agoldcovertitledAlexandertheGreat Theabilitytoreadquicklyallowedme nonfiction biography. Myinterestswere andHisTimebyAgnesSavill.Thiswas tokeepupthispace, butmoreoften rapidlyexpanding;theinitialcuriosity abitdauntingforatwelveyearold,but . I boughtitanywayandmanagedto purple hairtiedupinasideponytail by thoughtofhavingtoadjusttoanew- getthroughmostofitdespitethefact agreenscrunchie,andAlexandriaisa school,anewcity,anewcountry thatIrarelyunderstoodevenoneentire futuristicspaceagemetropoliscomplete withoutasinglefriend. Itriedtokeep sentence. Savill,alongwith Renaultto withrobotsandflyingvehicles. Despite myobsessivetendenciesundercontrol anextent,isoneofthemoreradical allofthesebizarrealterationsIloved soasnottoalerttheotherstudents apologists,sotheirworkobviously theseriesandwatchedeveryepisode tomytrulygeekynature,soofcourse influencedmyunabashedlypositive multipletimes. myAlexanderinterestwentdormant interpretationofAlexander. Attheageoffifteen Iwassuddenly foracoupleofmonths.Thefollowing Bythistimemyclosestfriendshad uprootedfromeverythingfamiliarand springI apprehensivelytriedoutfor discoveredmybizarreinterestinalong- movedtoLondon. Neverbeforehad theschool'sM.U.N,teamandwas deadmanandthuswerenotsurprised I beenthestereotypicalnewstudent; selectedtorepresentTurkey.Atthe bythenext(ratherembarrassing)stage Iwasparalyzedwithfearatthevery mockgeneralassemblvmeeting,held ofmyobsession. AlexanderSenki, inSurreyandinvolvingstudentsfrom strangelytranslatedas Reign:Hie As a classicalstudies alloverEurope,I receivedanotefrom ACmoenrqiucear,oriswahJeanpaintewsaesaenxipmoertceadrttooon major Ihave had the aFrmanecmeb.eTrheofntohteegcroomupplirempernetseedntminegon thatcametomvattentionduring opportunity to incorporate myreadingmaterial,forIhadbrought Tmhyefarretswhomrakniyseaalrmionsthitgehrrsicfvhionogl.in myAlexander collection wahbeonokthoenmAeleetxianngdserbetcoacmoevebrotrliynrge,ad itsattemptatrealismandtheplotis into afew independent andaskedifIhadreadtheRenault Aonlleyxacnodnenrecbtyeodnltyotthheehmiosstotritceanluloifuesof researchprojectsand sceorrierse.sTphoinsdebnecgeasnaandseerinedseodfimneamonrewa-ble ofthreads. Intheshow,Bucephalus to attempt togenerate friendship.Asitturnsout,thegirl's w(iAlldexmaannde-re'astifnagmobeuasstw,arChaosrssaen)deirsa(one some interest in the nhaalmfePoilsiOshlwaenndhLaalcfhWoewlischz,abnudtlsihveesisin ofAlexander'sgenerals)isthefemale HellenisticAge within the Londonandspeakswithaposh English Cassandra,Hephaestion(Alexander's accent. Ourmutualloveforallthings closefriendandlikelvlover)haslone;. department. Alexandernaturallyledtomvrenewed PARTIALBIBLIOGRAPHY 1 Arnold-Biucchi,Carmen.Alexander'sCoinsand totheHellenisticWorld.NewYork:Cambridge expectationswerespoton. Alexander'sImage.Cambridge,MA:Harvard UniversityPress,2006. 12.Dahmen,Karsten.TljeLegendofAlexanderthe UniversityArtMuseums,2006. 8. Burn,Lucilla.HellenisticArtfromAlexanderthe GreatonGreekandRomanCoins.NewYork: 2. Arrian.AnabasisofAlexander.2vols.Loeb GreattoAugustus.LosAngeles:TheJ.PaulGem- Routledge,2007. CMlAas:siHcaalrvLaibrrdarUyn.ivTerrasnist.yPPAr.essB,ru1n9t7.6.Cambridge, 9. MCaursneevu,m,El2i0za0b4e.th.Olympias:MotherofAlexander 13.GFlionunceersatne,rsNhiiarlle.:ATleemxpanudsriPau:blAishCiintgy,CS2~0M0y5t.h. ABleseixdaensdePrlubtiaorgcrha,pAhrerrisa.nHiestwhaesmaosRtofmaamnougsenoefratlh,e OthleymGrpeiaats.iNseawfaYsocirnka:tiRnoguthilsetdogriec,al20f0ig6u.re,but 14.KFionrge:maAnl,exLaanudrear.tThheeCEopniqcueSrtoorr.yoCfatmhberWiadrgrei:or AoahmwtbhlhfeuafeietnAasclxci.lreIstaei.ntxIfcwiidalIorhceensirtaatrdzrkrdeelalisaryonrn'shobegrslrkiaeaiedfmgoltdllrenteiefdachaoamnttesrtteyeidAbvbtmenaeiSicrtailnltuainbolltmhgaseaiesssmsr.aleievylossHrebcetciesrhotnHeiimissoochomsuonnipisansagolvsnshyeroitdsdffsedselcetrrRuhash,seowcemsorembleidGue,parttrreiceohkns ythofitbieehhneueareef-tlr.roddsnetre.IeohephgwfeTtaaiahhAtsitislniwasbefvnaelexeaxbsulaecoxyannirsontdoeikdselefsuedrpriatosrptshsfroeoeicid-hnhds,PeoodiihcrlehnsicaegcovlarldoaipssyvrpiihaeioinlorInipggItuartnslbleibeeteaoppwtcwwooosarroskauitiussortstslfatieeodyvettfaeinhttlb—irosaasoe—bflcitbfaoenheonunbercottosekth 15.Th(aPDFaweCeeosfohsxnulpa,galiibunntRiiSeoentFBbmaotoirbBhnoranoeeekrolsfLrkmla,aasocdnsv,t2resi0et.2ie0hsn0)as4Ag,0te.l4daeI.mnxawydasoncuAudollneepfdrxyoarrtonthefeudcnetGoahrrmitesfemartbec.oonomovdLekotrthnhaditson: original,particularlyfocusingonthehighly anattempttodiscoverthewomanbeneaththe biographvasagreatstartingpointforanyone negativesceneinwhichArriandepictssomeof storiesofhercold-bloodedmurders,feudswith interestedinAlexander.Althoughitboastsan Alexander's"courtsophists"arguinginfavor herhusband,overbearinginfluenceonAlexander, Oxfordprofessorasitsauthorandisquitethick, ofperformingproskynesis(prostration)before andinvolvementinbizarrecultrituals(like thisbookmanagestoremainentertainingand theirking,somethingthatshockedandangered supposcdlvkeepingsnakesinherbed).Inthis readableevenforclassicsnovices.Infact,itwas 3. AABlloeesxxwaaonnrddteehrr,'sAth.MeaBGc.reeadanotdniiEna.nFJa.acBntdaaynGnrdheaFeimkc,tmieoednns...New 10.VbCioanrotdkaegsdehgeeB,oisoPkaacsut,lu.a2lA0ll0ye4lx.iakenadbeler!theGreat.NewYork: a2tfh0te0e4rf!iprsutrscchhaoslianrglyitbaototkheIeBvrietrisrheaMduosneAulmexiannder 4. YUTBonhorieskv:ewTrorOsraixtgtfheyo,dryPArd.oesfUsBnT,.irviA1eu9lr9mes6pxi.hta.yndPNereerswas,nYd2o0rtk0h:0e.EOaxsfto:rd 11.LICuhdleuucg,igd2,e0dA06nt.doraenwnoMtiactheatehli.sAbloeoxkanbdeecra'ussLeoviteriss.abit 1167..BBorsotwonn..:aTTllLnj)ideettSSCleeeo,aa.rr,Bccrhh1o9ff8uoor0rn.AAallneexdxaaCnnodd.ee,rr.:1BA9o8ns0t.Eoxnh:ibLiittitolne,. 5. Alexan.dCeornqtuheesGtreaantd.ECmapmibrrei:dgTeli:eRCeaimgbnriodfge oLugufllayu,jboaokeos.ke,lYfoC-uphuubmlgiiggshhatitntngoewtmeipbctsesitttehoa.trIeinctowtnhasistsrpluraciutngtthehadebloyn 18.LGiefregealn,dTaTrodwae,riend.gEAxlpelxoaitnsdeorfHtihsetoGrrye'ast:GrTelaiteeBsrtief 6. UBrniiavnetr,siPtiyerPrree.ssA,le1x9a8n8d.ertheGreat:Manof ltihvaetsmoofsAtleoxfantdheerm'sarvearmieonustiloovneerdsidnesopnieteltinheeoffact NCoenwquYeorrok:raPsenTgoludinByBoHoikssO,r2ig0i0n4a.lBiographers. Action,ManofSpirit.Trans.HarrvN.Abrams. oneprimarysource.Hedoesthisbybasically 19.Green,Peter.AlexanderofMacedon:AHistorical NewYork:HarryN.Abrams,Inc.,1996. offeringalotofoff-topicfillermaterialandsome Biography.Berkeley:UniversityofCalifornia 7. Bugh,GlennR,ed.TlieCambridgeCompanion wbioludghthteotrhiisesfobrasaeldauognh,liattnledoarsnitoteuvrnisdeonucte.mIy Press,1991. interestintheacademicsideofancient compiledbefore Igraduatedfromhigh Muchtomysurprise,Ihavefound historybecauseOlwenwasastudentof school,buttheremainingbookswere severalotherenthusiastsovertheyears, GreekandLatinandentereduniversity purchasedoverthelastthreeanda andthroughthisnetworkoffellow asabuddingclassicistoneyearbefore halfyearsasastudentatSweetBriar. I 20-somethinghistorynerdsIhavekept me. evenreturnedhomefromtwotripsto upwiththemostrecentAlexander Ipurchasedmyfirsttrulyscholarly GreecewithanAlexandercoinnecklace scholarshipandaddedmanynewbooks. AlexandertheGreatbookwhilevisiting (Ihavewornitnearlyeverydayforover GeneralinterestinAlexandertheGreat the BritishMuseumwith Olwen. fiveyearsnow),twoantiquemapsof seemstobeontheriselately,somy ItwasRobinLaneFox'sfamous Alexander'sempire,andtwobustsof collectionwillnodoubtcontinueto biographyandthecatalystforthe Alexandertodisplayonthebookshelves expandinbothscopeandphysicalsize. suddenexpansionofmypreviously inmyroom. Andspeakingofmoderninterest,oneof modestcollection.Almostallofthe AsaclassicalstudiesmajorIhave myothergoals(and Iseriouslydomean newadditionswereeitheracademic hadtheopportunitytoincorporate this)istoerasethatembarrassingly orprimarysourcesthankstoOlwen's myAlexandercollectionintoafew awfulOliverStonemoviefromthe influenceandrecommendations,and independentresearchprojectsandto world'scollectivememory... sincethattimethetrendhascontinued. attempttogeneratesomeinterestinthe Atleasthalfofmycollectionwas HellenisticAgewithinthedepartment. 20.Evol.uAtlioenxaonfdtehreHtoelAleentiisntmic:AT/ljiec.HLiostsorAincgaelles: eHxeamisplmeoroefmiinltietraersytegdeniinuAslaexnadngdreeratasleaamdearns,hispo. 2C0o0n6qu.eror.NewYork:PerseusBooksGroup, UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1990. hisbiographyisfilledwithintriguinganecdotes 37.Savill,Agnes.AlexandertheGreatandHisTime. 2212..AMosiroEEHHsdaffloveaAianecemmbt:tgxknihecoieeaeolooWlltnftnkoiple,hd.ofsraleeontsWcetLiruo,ttaolyogineplthJnohiBh.adancAdleRvscclato.o,eGaechmnfrkedxPai:sewraealnrhaeenmcucBitldiatlrae:aleiaucddnr,rsArdeedt,gaic2mopnhrw0iLlNtrgao0cAhaeoCiyl9uumsblwae.nraaarfxbdsetbHnrasionilonicyssocymtlcditeae.keltosallrhrlApSa.cryrP.rto.oereoSvmeamTtvMesaedrheesaicryie,sniiodohsndesnt1fu!gc,ehd9hnman9Teaodt,y9dhlrws.aie.irsddsse 2289..ahiri2MoPPGtnr0fnarreAtepee0Adpc:esrva4lpsroatom.efees'mDbeisxn,saematmalbeIetJondldlCoo,nrdlyhaeadi-kSnnpFrcbt.naoPoelhttolvmiEyheuwePseedntrntwsvaej.aGoirsyronrtfcseyuTyt,horalrty'fiaton2hsc.nqtmei0hudAVyn0Neotilg4hAtberGei.ceitaosxwrsuodbao.egssoYnssro:uoIsduaotrnArepAfkchlrsAf:eWyiealt.!aacxeBot.rax,Ia:naaCnihdnnfAaiteydygmaroehobNmnrlurotyehivDeeedllgle,, NTeeTaebImG,vvmhhdyraeeebiimgekrrwBassieaeranrtwpwbrerYa"ruAaraoontrolassreiwoctelskhsokhlexti:inayhan&lisIeBgnsfeae.aodrnafNdrrmeeil,oSarnirAAmslhbenltloblellsieyesu"omexxtt&ofaoiaaonkczaocnnclaivnodNdwuydnenedeosogersrrecbr,tim,soltthditnhesrehaeocseaonrny"ito,BlidtimnooynAeofoluofglnrpoyokacetuinilsxwthbhtni,iaewodzentnsiaovo1thdoninesik9tgefnd9it,raiptetth3scsuhoa.bbt"ibgtristitoltuhoheeoiasanevvskuth.eehtvnneIhdor favoriteessaysare"Alexander'sSexLife"(notas 30.Pseudo-Callisthenes.TlicGreekAlexander omittingsomeofthemorequestionablepartsof raunchyasitsounds!)and"AlexanderandHis Romance.Trans.RichardStoneman.NewYork: hislegend. 'TerribleMother'." PenguinBooks,1991. 38.Spencer,Diana.RomanAlexander:Readinga 23.Holt,FrankL.AlexandertheGreatandthe 31.Renault,Mary.FireFromHeaven.NewYork: CulturalMyth.Exeter:TheUniversityofExeter MysteryoftheElephantMedallions.Berkeley: PantheonBooks,1969. Press,2003. 24.UMnciCvaerrtsyit,yNoifckC.alAilfoerxnainadPerrestsh,e2G0re0a3t..NewYork: 32.Books,.F1u9n8e1r.alGames.NewYork:Vintage sIubmomugehrtrtehsiesarbcohopkapfaeirr,lysroecIehnatvleytnootusyeetfofrinmisyhed GramercyBooks,2004. 33. .TheNatureofAlexander.NewYork: iatb.oTuhteAclheaxpatnedresr'IshlaevgeacryeaddursiongfarthheavReobmeaenn 25.2BMa0ol0st4si.em,orCel:auTdhee.JAolhenxsanHdoeprk:iDnesstUinniyvearnsditMyytPhre.ss, 34.BPoaonktsh,e.oT1nl9i7eB2oP.oekrssi,an19B7o5y..NewYork:Vintage wlReaeaypdusebrilsnircwehcaianlcdlheEdRmAoplmieraxeannadgneednreiirtnaclpasotraatlnrodagiuptoeulsrieta,illcdartlehses, 26.IOn'vBirsiibelne,EJnoehmny.MaNxewewllY.orAk:leRxoauntdlecrdgtehe,G1r9e9a2t.:Tlic MinasrpiyraRteinoanulbte'hsinhdistmoyricfaalscfiincattioinonwawistthhAeloerxiagnindaelr sopneeecohf,tahcetioonnl,yebtco.okItsitshaatfafsocciunsatoinngArleeaxdanadnedr's ImustsaythatIamsurprisedRoutlcdgeagreed theGreat.Her"Alexandertrilogy"turns legacyoutsidehisSuccessors,coinage,andpost- topublishthisbook,consideringitisyetanother Alexander'slifeintoanovel;FirefromHeaven antiquitv. reactionaryanti-AlexanderbookfollowinginIan covershisyouthfrombirthtohissuccessionto 39.Stoneman,Richard.AlexandertheGreat:ALife Worthington'sfootsteps.Alexanderscholarship theMacedonianthrone,TljePersianBoyfollows inLegend.NewHaven:YaleL'niversitvPress, seemstoappearinwavesofpro-andanti- theeventsofhisreignandhisconquestofthe 2008". dneeswpietveitdheencfeacstutrhfaatcitnhgerienhtahsenpoasttbceeenntumruycohr PtehresbiiatnteErmbprieraek,uapnodfFAulneexranadleGr'asmeesmpfiorceusaefsteorn 40.TWohrolmda.sO,xfCoarrdo:lGBl.acAklweexlalndPuebrltihsehiGnrge,a2t0i0n7H.is spaor.poevInenchtthhaiansttpAfalorertxivaciunoldlaeerrnbcwoeaosakn,adOrt'ahBgaritnigehenaldacitoethdeomlfiprctoswmittoh yhaeirsaerubsnrategiaotm,hetlbayuktidneigafltmyhybaetmauaetgmiefou3rl2y.bioIsolckaossrtrtrehecaattdtgthiheveseseae 41.RWeoardtehri.ngNteonw,YIoarnk,:eRd.ouAdleedxgaen,de2r0t0h3e.Great:A alcoholconsumption.Hisproofreliesonlyon lotofinsightintoAlexanderasapersonand afeweventsdescribedintheprimarysources thebeginningoftheHellenisticAgeinGreece. wherebaddecisionsweremadewhiledrinking. Renaultalsohappenstobeascholar(TlicNature Ifindtheentireargumenthilariousandutterly ofAlexanderisanacademicbiography),sothese unconvincing,butthenagainItendtobeinthe booksarewellresearchedandsticktotheprimary pro-Alexandercamp... sourcesasmuchaspossible. 27.Plutarch.GreekLives.Trans.RobinWaterfield. 35.Romm,James,ed.AlexandertheGreat:Selections NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,1998. fromArrian,Diodorus,Plutarch,andQitintus wPrliuttianrgchduwraisngaGthreeeRkobmiaongrEamphpeirrea,ndanpdhihleosopher RCuormtimu.s.ITnrdainasn.apoPlaimse:laHaMcekentstchPuabnldisJhianmgesCo., happenstobeoneofmyfavoriteancientauthors. 2005. Hisisoneofthemostsympatheticportrayalsof 36.Saunders,NicholasJ.Alexander'sTomb:Tin- Alexander,whohepairswithJuliusCaesarasan TwoTliousandYearObsessiontoFindtheLost