Sustainable Technologies for Water and Wastewater Treatment Sustainable Technologies for Water and Wastewater Treatment Edited by Noel Jacob Kaleekkal, Prasanna Kumar S. Mural, Saravanamuthu Vigneswaran, and Upal Ghosh First edition published 2021 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 and by CRC Press 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN © 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC The right of Noel Jacob Kaleekkal, Prasanna Kumar S. Mural, Saravanamuthu Vigneswaran, and Upal Ghosh to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and pub- lisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or here- after invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978- 750-8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact [email protected] Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Kaleekkal, Noel Jacob, editor. Title: Sustainable technologies for water and wastewater treatment/edited by Noel Jacob Kaleekkal, Prasanna Kumar S Mural, Saravanamuthu Vigneswaran, and Upal Ghosh. Description: First edition. | Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2021. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020056208 (print) | LCCN 2020056209 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367510374 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781003052234 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Sewage–Purification–Biological treatment. | Water–Purification–Membrane filtration. | Green chemistry. Classification: LCC TD755.S857 2021 (print) | LCC TD755 (ebook) | DDC 628.1/62–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020056208 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020056209 ISBN: 9780367510374 (hbk) ISBN: 9780367552534 (pbk) ISBN: 9781003052234 (ebk) Typeset in Times LT Std by KnowledgeWorks Global Ltd. Contents Preface.......................................................................................................................ix Acknowledgments .....................................................................................................xi About the Editors ...................................................................................................xiii Contributors .............................................................................................................xv Part I Introduction Chapter 1 In Situ Sampling Techniques for Identification and Quantification of Trace Pollutants .................................................3 Upal Ghosh and Mandar Bokare Chapter 2 Occurrence and Removal of Endocrine Disruptor Chemicals in Wastewater ...................................................................17 V. Ponnusami and M. Saravanan Part II Membrane-Based technologies Chapter 3 Thin-Film Composites and Multi-Layered Membranes for Wastewater Treatment...................................................................37 Paresh Kumar Samantaray and Suryasarathi Bose Chapter 4 Membrane Distillation: An Efficient Technology for Desalination ..................................................................................51 Sanjay Remanan and Narayan Chandra Das Chapter 5 Membrane Distillation for Wastewater Treatment .............................71 Yuhe Cao and Ranil Wickramasinghe Chapter 6 Applications of Electrospun Membranes for Wastewater Treatment ........................................................................89 Aiswarya M., Aquib Mohammed, Akash M. Chandran, S. Varun and Prasanna Kumar S. Mural v vi Contents Chapter 7 Forward Osmosis as a Sustainable Technology for Water Treatment and Desalination .............................................................113 Noel Jacob Kaleekkal, Anoopa Ann Thomas and Joel Parayil Jacob Part III Energy-Water Nexus Chapter 8 Microbial Desalination Cells: Opportunities and Challenges .........145 J. Jayapriya Chapter 9 Microbial Fuel Cell: A Potential Solution for Desalination .............169 Harsha Nagar and Vineet Aniya Chapter 10 Advanced Oxidation Techniques for Wastewater Treatment ...........187 M. S. Priyanka and George K. Varghese Part IV Nascent technologies Chapter 11 Hydrodynamic Cavitation: A Novel Energy Efficient Technology for Degradation of Organic Contaminants in Wastewater ...................................................................................205 Gautham B. Jegadeesan and N. Santosh Srinivas Part V Bio and Bio-Inspired Materials for Water reclamation Chapter 12 Bioremediation and Phytoremediation as the Environmentally Sustainable Approach for the Elimination of Toxic Heavy Metals ...........................................227 Joyabrata Mal and S. Rangabhashiyam Chapter 13 Biopolymers as a Sustainable Approach for Wastewater Treatment ......................................................................259 J. Juliana, K. L. Jesintha, S. Mariaamalraj, V. C. Padmanaban, A. R. Neelakandan and G. K. Rajanikant Contents vii Chapter 14 Bioreactors for Degradation of Toxic Pollutant in Wastewater System .......................................................................275 Monalisa Satapathy, Aparna Yadu, J. Anandkumar and Biju Prava Sahariah Part VI Integrated technologies for Water treatment Chapter 15 Sustainable Technologies for Recycling Greywater: A Shift Towards Decentralized Treatment .......................................299 Anupam Mukherjee, Anirban Roy, Aditi Mullick and Siddhartha Moulik Chapter 16 Advanced Membrane Bioreactor Hybrid Systems ...........................317 Nirenkumar Pathak, Hokyong Shon and Saravanamuthu Vigneswaran Chapter 17 Development of MBR, MABR and AnMBR Systems for Wastewater Treatment.................................................................343 Buddhima Siriweera and Chettiyappan Visvanathan Chapter 18 Membrane Hybrid System in Water and Wastewater Treatment ..........................................................................................369 M. A. H. Johir and Saravanamuthu Vigneswaran Index ......................................................................................................................387 Preface The rapid population growth, incessant deforestation, rampant urbanization coupled with the depleting surface/groundwater resources, and global warming have led to acute water scarcity and flash flooding, which could render potable water a dimin- ishing natural resource. The aquatic pollutants from domestic and industrial waste streams are detrimental to the ecosystem and can be dangerous for living beings. Apart from various seawater desalination technologies, other ways to recover usable water from wastewater are being explored worldwide by researchers. The exponential demand for safe water, concomitant with the improvement of technology and government-imposed standards, have made conventional treat- ment processes obsolete. The increasing use of nanoscale material in various water treatment technologies is unprecedented. These materials have high sur- face areas, can be reused, and can possess a wide range of characteristics like photocatalytic ability, selective adsorption, and reactivity. These materials can be fabricated on the design-for-purpose concept and can be utilized in many types of technologies. This book collates the advances and explores the environmental sustainability of various technologies for water and wastewater treatment. Further, it can serve as a one-stop reference book to a much wider audience and play a pivotal role in bridging various scattered sustainable technologies. The authors are experts who have incorporated different dimensions from the basics to state-of-the-art advancements for new technologies. This book would be a valuable resource for students, engineers, scientists, and industrial practitioners working in water treat- ment technologies. The first section outlines the passive sampling techniques for detecting con- taminants, the occurrence/removal of endocrine-disrupting pollutants, and the advancement of nanotechnology in water remediation. The second section discusses pressure-driven membrane processes (thin-film nanocomposite and mixed matrix membranes) and explores osmotic and vapour-pressure driven membrane applica- tions. The role of electrospinning as a versatile tool for the development of nanofi- brous membranes is discussed. The third section focuses on the energy-water nexus addresses the efficiency and challenges of microbial fuel cells. An outline of the various advanced oxidation processes is included. The fourth section highlights some nascent sustainable technologies such as hydrodynamic cavitation and ultrasound to suppress contaminants in wastewater. The fifth section includes biological and bio-inspired materials for the recovery of water. Bioremediation, bioactive nanomaterials, biopolymers, and bioreactors are discussed along with the challenges in implementation. The last section deals with integrated sustainable technologies such as decentralized water treatment, membrane bioreactors (aerobic and anaerobic), and hybrid systems for wastewater treatment. This book aims to provide sufficient knowledge and organize a comprehen- sive review of recent scientific literature that would give the reader a deeper ix