Herman Hidayat Sustainable Plantation Forestry Problems, Challenges and Solutions Sustainable Plantation Forestry Herman Hidayat Sustainable Plantation Forestry Problems, Challenges and Solutions 123 Herman Hidayat IndonesianInstitute ofSciences (LIPI) Jakarta Indonesia ISBN978-981-10-7652-7 ISBN978-981-10-7653-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7653-4 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017964497 ©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:152BeachRoad,#21-01/04GatewayEast,Singapore189721, Singapore Acknowledgements Thestronginspirationandmotivationtowritethisbookcamefromthewisewords of the well-known Indonesian novelist Pramoedya Ananta Toer who has said that “the book is the eternal works for any scientist and should be transformed as knowledge for generation to generation by reading it.” These words drive a strong desireforthisauthortocollectmyformerresearchfindingsinJapan,ASEAN,and United States. In line with this, some papers have been published in academic journals in Indonesia, Thailand, Japan and so forth. Relatingtoresearchfindings,papersandacademicjournalcollections—actually somepapershavereceivedcommentsfromexcellentreviewersandthattheycould eventually be published a book entitled: A Sustainable Plantation Forestry: Problems, Challenges and Solutions. For this reason, I would like to extend my grateful thanks to Springer Publishing Company for their assistance and coopera- tioninpublishinganddisseminatingthisbooktoreaders.Iwouldalsoliketothank thetworeviewerswhogaveapositiveindicationfromtheircriticalcomments;Ias theauthorthankthemandsubsequentlyrevisedthemanuscriptbasedontheirinput. While I carried out fieldwork entitled: “Development of Pulp and Paper in Japan”fortheInstituteofDevelopingEconomies(IDE)-JETROfromAugust2006 to March 2007 in Chiba, Japan, I am especially indebted and thankful to host scientist Dr. Yuri Sato, Prof. Masahisa Fujita as President of IDE-JETRO and others. My appreciation and thanks are also presented to Prof. Yasuyuki Kono as the host scientist when I received a scholarship from the Japan Society Promotion of Science (JSPS) Post Doctoral Fellowship in 2008–2010 and conducted field work entitled: “In Search of Sustainable Plantation Forestry in ASEAN countries” and Prof. Kosuke Mizuno, Director of Center for Southeast Asian Studies (CSEAS)-Kyoto University. I would also like to recognize colleagues in several institutions, such as Kasetsart University, Khon Kaeng University, Siam Cement Group(SCG)ofPaperIndustryofficerinKhongKaeng;FacultyofForestryofthe UniversityofthePhilippinesinLosBanyos,CSDC’sWoodProcessingMillOfficer in Talacogon-Butuan City; Vietnam Forestry University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD); The Department of Forestry officer in Hanoi, v vi Acknowledgements Research Institute of Pulp and Paper Industry (RIPPI) officer, Vinapaco Paper and BaiBangCompany,TheForestResearchofCenterOfficeinPhuNinhDistrict,Phu ThoProvince;SinarMasGroup(SMG)OfficerinJakartaandAsiaPulpandPaper (APP) officer, Perawang-Riau Province for obtaining data collection through in depth interviews with informants and participatory observation in addition to obtaining interviews with academic communities for discussion on conceptual and theoretical review comments of papers; for instance, Prof. Ukan Abdullah (University of Padjadjaran-Bandung), Prof. Makoto Inoue (The University of Tokyo), Dr. Masatoshi Sasaoka (Hokkaido University), Andreas Neef (University of Hohenheim-Germany), Masaaki Okamoto (CSEAS), Masayuki Yanagisawa, Prof. Koji Tanaka, Prof. Wil de Jong, Prof. Mamoru Kanzaki, Kazuo Watanabe, Kazuya Watanabe, Fumikazu Ubukata, Osamu Kozan, Hideki Hayashida (Doshisha University) and so forth. The chance arose to be Visiting Professor in November 2012–March 2013, while I carried out fieldwork out entitled: “Yakushima National Park and World Heritage” in Yakushima island under the sponsorship of Kagoshima University Research Center for the Pacific Islands (KURCPI). I would like to express my sincerethankstoProf.ShunsukeNagashimaandSotaYamamotoashostscientists. Otherscientistswhocontributedtomydatafindingsinclude:Prof.KeiKawai,Prof. Shinichi Noda, Prof. Sueo Kuwahara, Prof. Tsuyoshi Yoneda, and Prof. Satoru Nishimura.SpecialgratitudetoDr.CarolJ.PierceColferashostscientistinKahin Advance Research Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, while I obtained AIFIS-Henry Luce Foundation Grants for 2014 (August–October) to conduct fieldworkentitled:“ASustainableForestManagementinNewYorkState”.Indata collection and discussion, I express my gratitude to Prof. Martin Hatch, Prof. BenedictAnderson,Dr.AudreyKahin,Dr.RichardDudley,Dr.AntoMohsin,Dr. Thomas B. Pepinskey, Dr. Steven A. Wolf, Dr. Thamora Fishel, Prof. David Sonnenfield(State UniversityofNewYork-CollegeofEnvironmentalScience and Forestry), and Prof. David H. Newman. Finally, I am pleased to address my grat- itudeandthankstomyfamily:mywife,Dr.Yani’ahWardaniM.A.;mydaughters Ana Sabhana Azmy M.Si., Kholilah Saadah M.Sc., and my son M. Alfatih M.Sc., whohavealwaysaccompaniedmeintimesofhappinessandsorrow.Idohopethat the publication of this book will be a great contribution and sharing of knowledge for academia, government officers, politicians, businessmen, forest scientists and society at large. Jakarta, Indonesia December 2017 Contents Part I Introduction 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Plantation Forestry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Sustainable Plantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Economic Benefits and Rural Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Why Plantations? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Plantation in Other Countries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Theoretical Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Actors’ Movements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Method for Data Collection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Research Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Expected Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Part II Southeast Asia 2 Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Discourse on Thailand’s Plantation Forestry (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Study Sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Royal Forest Department Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Private Sector Responses to Forest Plantations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Critiques of Academics and NGOs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Concluding Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 vii viii Contents Review on Emerging Pulp and Paper Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Government’s Policy on Economic Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3 Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Review of Forestry Policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Study Sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Land Tenure and Resource Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Political Factors and Funding Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Major Driving Forces for the Rehabilitation Program . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 The Role of the Government in Plantation Development. . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Wood Processing Mill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Paper Industry Performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Study of the CSDC’s Profile: Wood Processing Mill . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 The Response from Local People. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Academics and NGOs Critiques of Environmental Disasters . . . . . . . 97 Concluding Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 4 Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Review of Industrial Timber Plantation (HTI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Government Policy on HTI, Ministry of Forestry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Regulation for Providing Raw Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 APP (Asia Pulp and Paper) Mill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Profile of Sinar Mas Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 APP Mill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Sinarmas Forestry Response to Government Policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Sustainable Forest Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 SMF and Conservation Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Local Farmers Response to Plantations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 NGO Critiques Concerning Ecological Damages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Protecting Forests Stops Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 The Case of Land Clearing for HTI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 The Case of Peat Swamp Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Impact on Kampar Peat Ecosystem and Global Climate . . . . . . . . . . 130 Impact on Kampar Peat Land of Forest Fires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Impact of Forest Fires on Physical Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Land Disputes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Concluding Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Contents ix 5 Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Review on Forest Planation Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 The Significance of Forests and Other Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Timber Consumption Demand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Reform of Forestry Policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Land Tenure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Case Study of DoF in Phuto-Tho Province. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Eucalyptus Plantation Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 The Response from Stakeholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 DoF in Phu Tho Working with Cooperatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Development of Pulp and Paper Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Problems: Challenges and Opportunities for Development (1970s–1990s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Paper Industry (2000s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Concluding Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Part III Japan 6 Japan: The Initial and Development of Pulp and Paper Industry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 The Role of the Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Government and Private Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Development of Pulp and Paper Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 The Pioneer of Pulp and Paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Raw Materials (Wood Trade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Wood Chips. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 The Significance of the Pulp and Paper Industry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 A Brief History of Paper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 From the Meiji Era to the Second World War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Impact on the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Profile of a Pulp and Paper Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 The Oji Paper Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 History of Its Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Wood Raw Material Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Research and Development (R&D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Corporate Code of Conduct. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Nippon Paper Group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 History of Its Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Wood Raw Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 x Contents Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Research and Development (R&D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Nippon Paper Group Makes Acquisition in Hokuetsu Paper Mill. . . . 195 Environmental Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 High Level Economic Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Pollution Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Edogawa River Pollution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Tagonoura Harbor Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Stakeholders’ Reaction to Environmental Destruction Analysts Comment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 The Role of Nongovernmental Actors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 The Response from Central Government and Locals. . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Concluding Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Part IV Environmental Services 7 Yakushima-Japan: Sustainable Forest Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Review on Natural Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Conservation and Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Management System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Yakushima. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Flora, Fauna, Plants and Vegetation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Yakusugi-Beginning of Yakusugi Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Logging in the Edo Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 In the Meiji Era and After. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Findings in the Field. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 The Management of Yakushima . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Non-Profit Organizations (NPOs). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Environmental Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 The Management System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Local Farmer Responses to Plant ‘Orange’ Farm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 Coming of Tourists and Hotels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Tourist Guide Agency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 The Contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 The Manpower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Minshuku Owner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Concluding Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 8 USA: Sustainable Forest Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 The Conceptual Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 The Background to Implement SFM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255