SUSTAINABLE MICRO IRRIGATION DESIGN SYSTEMS FOR AGRICULTURAL CROPS Methods and Practices Innovations and Challenges in Micro Irrigation VOLUME 2 SUSTAINABLE MICRO IRRIGATION DESIGN SYSTEMS FOR AGRICULTURAL CROPS Methods and Practices Edited by Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE, and P. Panigrahi, PhD CRC Press Apple Academic Press, Inc Taylor & Francis Group 3333 Mistwell Crescent 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Oakville, ON L6L 0A2 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 Canada © 2016 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. Exclusive worldwide distribution by CRC Press an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20150714 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-77188-275-0 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com For information about Apple Academic Press product http://www.appleacademicpress.com CONTENTS List of Contributors .......................................................................................vii List of Abbreviations ......................................................................................xi List of Symbols ..............................................................................................xv Preface .........................................................................................................xxi Foreword 1 by Gajendra Singh ...................................................................xxv Foreword 2 by Suresh Kumar Devarajulu .................................................xxix Foreword 3 by B. D. Pandian ....................................................................xxxi Warning/Disclaimer .................................................................................xxxiii Other Books on Micro Irrigation Technology from AAP ...........................xxxv About the Series Editor-in-Chief .............................................................xxxvii About the Coeditor ....................................................................................xxxix Book Reviews ................................................................................................xli PART I: DESIGN METHODS IN DRIP/TRICKLE OR MICRO IRRIGATION 1. Drip Irrigation and Indigenous Alternatives for Use of Saline and Alkali Waters in India: Review ......................................................................3 S. K. Gupta 2. Hydraulic Performance of Drip Irrigation System: Review .....................27 B. C. Kusre and Pradip K. Bora 3. Moisture Distribution Under Drip Irrigation ............................................43 D. V. Tathod, Y. V. Mahatale, and V. K. Chavan 4. Wetted Zone Behavior Under Micro Irrigated Crops ...............................51 Hammami Moncef, Daghari Hédi, and Hatira Abdessatar 5. Fertigation Technology in Indian Agriculture ............................................65 A. S. Kadale and G. D. Gadade 6. Design of Buried Microirrigation Laterals Based on Soil Water Retention ........................................................................................................75 Hammami Moncef, Zayani Khemaies, and Hédi Ben Ali vi Contents 7. Hydraulics of Drip Irrigation System .........................................................89 B. Panigrahi PART II: PRACTICES IN MICRO IRRIGATION 8. Impacts of Micro Irrigation Subsidies in Tamil Nadu from the World Bank ...........................................................................................101 G. Parthasarathi, S. Senthilnathan, and L. Suresh 9. Adoption and Economic Impact Models of Micro Irrigation in Zambia .........................................................................................................111 Simeon DiGennaro and David S. Kraybill 10. Performance of Micro Sprinkler Irrigated Groundnut ..........................139 Mohammed Waseem and Ibrahim Khaleel 11. Irrigation Scheduling of Wheat .................................................................193 Jadhao Pandit Vishwanath and M. M. Deshmukh 12. Partial Root Zone Drip Irrigation in Citrus .............................................235 P. Panigrahi, R. K. Sharma, and S. Mohanty 13. Drip Irrigation Scheduling for Citrus reticulata Blanco ..........................249 P. Panigrahi, A. K. Srivastava, and A. D Huchche 14. Microirrigation and Fertigation Scheduling in Citrus ............................259 P. Panigrahi and A. K. Srivastava 15. Integrating Micro-Irrigation with Rainwater Harvesting in Citrus ......271 P. Panigrahi, A. D. Huchche, and A. K. Srivastava Appendices ...................................................................................................281 Index .............................................................................................................309 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Hatira Abdessatar Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Tunisie Pradip K. Bora, PhD Associate Professor (Irrigation and Drainage Engineering), College of Agricultural Engineering and Post Harvest Technology, Central Agricultural University, Ranipool, Imphal, East Sikkim, Sikkim. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Vincent F. Bralts, PhD, PE Professor and Ex-Associate Dean, Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette-IN 47907–2093; [email protected] Vishal K. Chavan, PhD Assistant Professor and Senior Research Fellow in SWE, Agriculture University, Akola, Maharashtra, Website: www.pdkv.ac.in; E-mail: [email protected] M. M. Deshmukh, PhD Professor, Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Krishinagar PO, Akola (MS) 444104, India Simeon DiGennaro, MSc Administrative Manager, The Ohio State University, Department of Agriculture, Environmental, and Development Economics, 2120 Fyffe Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. Mobile: +255 686037461, E-mail: [email protected] G. D. Gadade, PhD Jr. Agronomist, AICRP on Water Management, VNMKV, Parbhani – 431402, M.S Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE Retired Professor in Agricultural and Biomedical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico – Mayaguez Campus; and Senior Technical Editor-in-Chief in Agriculture Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Apple Academic Press Inc., PO Box 86, Rincon – PR – 00677 – USA. E-mail: [email protected] S. K. Gupta, PhD INAE Distinguished Professor, ICAR – Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal – 132001 (India). Mobile: +91–9416081613, E-mail: [email protected] Moncef Hammami, PhD Professor, High School of Agronomy of Mateur, 7030 Mateur, Univ. of Carthage, Tunisia, E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 72 465 074 Ben Ali Hédi, PhD Agricultural Investment Promotion Agency, 6000 Gabès, Tunisia Daghari Hedi, PhD Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, Avenue Charles Nicole, 1082 Tunis, Tunisie A. D. Huchche, PhD Scientist, ICAR-National Research Centre for Citrus, Nagpur-440010, Maharashtra, India viii List of Contributors Ashok Shrikrishna Kadale, PhD Chief Scientist, AICRP on Water Management, VNMKV, Parbhani – 431402. E-mail: kadaleashok@ rediffmail.com Ibrahim Khaleel, M.Tech. Agricultural Engineer. E-mail: [email protected] David S. Kraybill, PhD Professor, The Ohio State University, Department of Agriculture, Environmental, and Development Economics, 2120 Fyffe Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, U.S.A., Mobile: +255 757 420 308, E-mail: [email protected] B. C. Kusre, PhD Associate Professor (Irrigation and Drainage Engineering), College of Agricultural Engineering & Post Harvest Technology (CAEPHT), Central Agricultural University, Ranipool, East Sikkim, Sikkim. Mobile: +91–09933440970, E-mail: [email protected] Yogesh V. Mahatale, PhD Assist Prof, College of Agricultural Engineering and Tech., Warwat Road, Jalgaon Jamod, Dist. Buld- hana, Maharashtra, India. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] A. M. Michael, PhD Former Professor and Project Director, Water Technology Centre, IARI, New Delhi, Director, IARI, New Delhi; and Ex-Vice-Chancellor, Kerala Agricultural University, Trichur, Kerala; Present address: Dr. A. M. Michael 34/81, V.P. Marikar Road, Edappally North P.O., Kochi–682024, Kerala, India S. Mohanty, PhD Scientist, ICAR-Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar-751023, Odisha, India Miguel A. Muñoz-Muñoz, PhD Ex-President of University of Puerto Rico, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus, College of Agriculture Sciences, Call Box 9000, Mayagüez, PR. 00681–9000. Tel. 787–265–3871, E-mail: miguel. [email protected] B. J. Pandian, PhD Director and Incharge, Water Technology Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641003. Tel.: 0422−6611278, 6611478 and Mobile: +91–9443286711; E-mail: [email protected] Balram Panigrahi, PhD Professor and Head, Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Orissa University of Agriculture & Technology, Bhubaneswar-751003, Odisha, India. Mobile: +91–9437882699, E-mail: [email protected] P. Panigrahi, PhD Scientist, ICAR-Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar–751023, Odisha, India. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] G. Parthasarathi, PhD Research Scholar, Department of Agricultural Economics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu – 641 003 Subramanian Senthilnathan, PhD Professor, Water Technology Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu – 641 003. E-mail: [email protected] R. K. Sharma, PhD Scientist, ICAR-Water Technology Centre, IARI, New Delhi–110012, India