Ali Sayigh Editor Sustainable High Rise Buildings in Urban Zones Advantages, Challenges, and Global Case Studies Sustainable High Rise Buildings in Urban Zones Ali Sayigh Editor Sustainable High Rise Buildings in Urban Zones Advantages, Challenges, and Global Case Studies Editor Ali Sayigh Brighton, UK ISBN 978-3-319-17755-7 ISBN 978-3-319-17756-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-17756-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016961218 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Introduction This is our third book in the Built Environment series. The first was Architecture: Comfort and Energy, and the second was Sustainability, Energy and Architecture. In this book we are tackling an issue which is very important, namely, high-rise buildings in the urban zones. Examples from various parts of the world are dis- cussed in details with a view to providing a positive and useful analysis as to why we build high-rise buildings. At the same time the drawbacks and negative issues which occur such as safety, complex services, energy usage, and lack of green envi- ronment and recreation facilities in having high-rise buildings are fully discussed. Depending on the locality, the cost of space and usability combined with comfort and ease of travel in the urban zone are some of the reasons taken into consideration when a high-rise building is planned. The contributors attempted to answer the following most vital issues when designing a high-rise building: 1. The environmental impact 2. The safety and social acceptability 3. The energy consumption and comfort 4. The planning within the urban structure 5. The daily maintenance, services, and risks 6. Additional advantages gained 7. Optimization within the urban zones 8. Other positive or negative features The book consists of ten chapters. Chapter 1 Kuala Lumpur City Center Integrated Urban Development Zone: A New Art of Urban Living by Nila Inangda and Mastura Adam, Department of Architecture and Faculty of Built Environment in the University of Malaya. This chapter mainly deals with the concept of Kuala Lumpur as a megacity. Details of planning and space, including parks, are well documented. The inner-city improvement was achieved by moving all government offices to Putrajaya, an adja- cent city. The population growth has doubled and troubled over the last decade. v vi Introduction Also explained is how the city has changed from a mainly pedestrian city to an ultramodern vehicular city with constant traffic jams and numerous high-rise buildings within the last 30 years. Kuala Lumpur followed the US example in redeveloping its inner city to accommodate the fast growth of incoming wealth which has led to the reduction of suburban sprawl and inner-city decline. Kuala Lumpur is categorized as a world city based on five criteria: It is a commercial and financial center; it has an efficient and equitable city structure; it enhances the liv- ing environment; it has a distinctive city image/identity; it has effective and effi- cient governance. A description of the city within a city experience, referred to as the twin towers skyscraper of Kuala Lumpur, and its residents is given. A full planning design showing the zoning boundary of various services is included. The social, financial, and environmental impact on residents is given. High-rise build- ings in Malaysia embody social mobility and ease of communication in addition to safety and security. This urban development is fully sustainable and flexible and functions well with a modest usage of energy. The architectural design and illus- trations are of great value and insight to all those who are dealing with high-rise building design. Chapter 2 Sustainable High-Rise Buildings in the Netherlands, by Wim Zeiler, TU Eindhoven, Eindhoven, the Netherlands. High-rise building development is a result of the need for space arising from increasing business activities despite the large energy consumption that accompa- nies them. Having well-thought management services can reduce the energy con- sumption to an acceptable level. The author describes the historical development of high-rise buildings in Holland which was made possible by the invention of the elevator in 1853. Holland has little viable land for living which causes an extreme shortage of habitable land for its 16.5 million population. Therefore, Holland has no choice but to build vertically. The development of high-rise buildings is considered from its early days in New York in the 1930s to the present day showing the extreme high-rise buildings in Asia and the Gulf. The design of several Dutch high-rise buildings is discussed specifically with regard to the heating and cooling techniques. Professor Zeiler then describes several high-rise buildings stressing their impor- tance and the need for them not only in Holland but everywhere in big cities and how some of them use innovative heating and cooling techniques taking into con- sideration the economics, the environment, and social acceptability. Chapter 3 Vernacular Tower Architecture of Sana’a: Theory and Method for Deriving Sustainable Design Guidelines, by Khaled A. Al-Sallal, Department of Architectural Engineering, UAE University, Abu Dhabi. The author looks at the old traditional buildings of Yemen which have distinctive pattern and style associated with the inhabitants. Professor Al-Sallal is of the opin- ion that contemporary architecture does not have a clear identity; it lacks order and unity ignoring energy, vegetation, and water. The Yemeni architecture is a wonder- ful vernacular architecture of multistory buildings. Each sector of Sana contains a mosque, a market, multistory houses, a public square, and an urban garden space. Introduction vii The houses are between 6 and 10 stories high. A complete functional description of each building is given including its windows. All houses are naturally heated and cooled during the year which the author has researched and analyzed fully. In this chapter the meaning of sustainable architecture is fully explained. Chapter 4 Energy Consumption and Indoor Environment, by Baizhan Li and Runming Yao, Faculty of Urban Construction and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University, China. A short history of high-rise buildings is given with an emphasis on population growth taking into consideration the cost of land in the large inner cities. The urban population of China is 54 % of the total population, and this could rise to 60 % by 2030. Additionally China has 19.5 % of the world population. Fifty-seven percent of the world’s super high-rise buildings are in China. The indoor parameters such as lighting, air quality and ventilation, thermal comfort, acoustic, and safety of several high-rise buildings in China are discussed in detail. Chapter 5 The Increasing Demand on High-Rise Buildings and Their History, by Manuel Correia Guedes, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal, and Gustavo Cantuária, Faculty of Architecture, University of Brasília, Brasil. An extensive introduction of the necessity for high-rise buildings in modern life and a clear analysis of sustainability are given. A brief historical overview of tall buildings and a discussion on how to integrate them with green landscaping are presented. Thermal energy from solar gain is used to heat the buildings, and any other renewable sources must be used to achieve sustainability. Chapter 6 Sustainable High-Rise Building-Renewables and Public Perceptions, by Neveen Hamza, School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, Newcastle University, UK. This chapter describes the social implications in the development, funding requirement, and policy mechanism for architects to design sustainable high-rise buildings. This can be divided into three parts: sociopolitical acceptance, market acceptance, and community acceptance. The passive design of high-rise buildings is explained through the case study of the Northumbria Police headquarters, Newcastle upon Tyne, and the case of the Chicago Federal Building by metamorphosis (2008) and Angel Square in Manchester. The three buildings were described outlining their important features in using renewable energy to meet their electricity demand. Photovoltaic and wind energy were the main sources. Also discussed is the use of photovoltaic integrated façade in some Chinese buildings with building cost offsets by claiming feed-in tariff. It is possible to use photovoltaic in buildings, but using wind energy may cause objections from the public point of view especially regard- ing safety and security, as in the case in Bahrain. Chapter 7 Environmentally Performative Design for High-Rise Buildings in North America written by Mona Azarbayjani, School of Architecture, College of Arts + Architecture, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA. viii Introduction The introduction states that 40 % of total energy consumption can be attributed to buildings, while by 2050, 70 % of the world’s population will be living in urban areas. Architects must adopt feasible strategies in designing high-rise buildings such as: 1. Choice of location, having the correct orientation to enhance the solar gain espe- cially in a cold climate or to reduce it in a hot climate zone 2. Using all passive measures and concepts such as shading, microclimate, ventila- tion, and storage of energy 3. Energy recycling within the building 4. Introduction of the use of renewable energy wherever possible The author looks at two high-rise buildings in North America having an adequate design, the Manitoba Hydro Place and the Bank of America Tower at One Bryant Park. The first one is in Canada which has adequate daylighting and a natural venti- lation system using specially operated windows. This structure was built with a double skin façade to enhance energy conservation especially in winter season and used a geothermal source for heating. The second building is in New York and has several energy conservation systems such as displacement ventilation. Chapter 8 Assessing the Myths on Energy Efficiency when Retrofitting Multifamily Buildings in a Northern Region by Jan Akander, Mathias Cehlin, and Bahram Moshfegh, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, University of Gävle, Sweden, and Division of Energy Systems, Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, Sweden. This chapter is devoted to energy saving in retrofitting multifamily buildings, mostly related to buildings in Sweden. Dividing the country into regions depending on their climate and solar gain, the Swedish government legislated that the average electricity consumption per meter square of built area should not exceed 154 kWh without compromising indoor comfort. The chapter describes a very comprehensive analysis to reduce the energy consumption to 50 % and the CO up to 75 %. 2 Chapter 9 High-Rise Buildings in the Context of Sustainability: Urban Metaphors of Greater Cairo, Egypt, A Case Study Sustainability and Strategic Environmental Assessment, by Mohsen M. Aboulnaga, Sustainable Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt. The chapter is mostly devoted to high-rise buildings in Egypt, specifically those in Cairo. It is an extensive chapter with a global summary of various high-rise build- ings at different parts of the world and their functionalities, starting with the Pyramid built more than 3000 years ago which over the years has been an icon to many architects in Japan and the USA. Some high-rise buildings have a population den- sity of 36,000 per square kilometer. Another area covered is climate change and the effect of buildings, in particular high-rise buildings, knowing that 30 % of green- house gases emission is due to the building sector. Heating and cooling with proper ventilation could result into 80 % of energy usage. Another item discussed in this Introduction ix chapter is the embedded energy of buildings versus the operational energy. Several high-rise buildings are discussed from the Gulf region, their energy consumption, and the sustainability of such buildings. Chapter 10 High-Rise Buildings in Mediterranean Climate: “Illa de la Llum” Case Study in Barcelona, by Cristina Pardal and Helena Coch, Department of Architectural Technology I, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya UPC, Barcelona, Spain. The chapter tackles the various aspects of the high-rise building such as façade design and its construction in using metal framing and cladding techniques. A good example is the building of Turning Torso. A full analysis of comfort requirements is outlined followed by the sociological concept of lifestyle in the Mediterranean cli- mate zone and its architectural requirement. Several examples of high-rise buildings from the Mediterranean region are given with their innovative design features. The analysis includes the various adaptive measures which the architects and designers have to consider in this region.