Applied Environmental Science and Engineering for a Sustainable Future Faisal I. Hai Chettiyappan Visvanathan Ramaraj Boopathy Editors Sustainable Aquaculture Applied Environmental Science and Engineering for a Sustainable Future Series editors Jega V. Jegatheesan, Melbourne, Australia Li Shu, LJS Environment, Parkville, VIC, Australia Piet Lens, Delft, The Netherlands Chart Chiemchaisri, Bangkok, Thailand Applied Environmental Science and Engineering for a Sustainable Future (AESE) series covers a variety of environmental issues and how they could be solved through innovations in science and engineering. Our societies thrive on the advancementsinscienceandtechnologywhichpavethewayforbetterstandardof living. The adverse effect of such improvements is the deterioration of the environment. Thus, better catchment management in order to sustainably manage all types of resources (including water, minerals and others) is of paramount importance. Water and wastewater treatment and reuse, solid and hazardous waste management,industrialwasteminimisation,soilrestorationandagricultureaswell as myriad of other topics needs better understanding and application. This book series aims at fulfilling such a task in coming years. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13085 Faisal I. Hai Chettiyappan Visvanathan (cid:129) Ramaraj Boopathy Editors Sustainable Aquaculture 123 Editors Faisal I.Hai Ramaraj Boopathy Faculty of Engineering andInformation Nicholls State University Sciences Thibodaux,LA University of Wollongong USA Wollongong, NSW Australia ChettiyappanVisvanathan AsianInstitute of Technology Klongluang Pathumthani Thailand AppliedEnvironmental ScienceandEngineering for aSustainable Future ISBN978-3-319-73256-5 ISBN978-3-319-73257-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73257-2 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017962416 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG,partofSpringerNature2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface Globalhumanpopulationwillreachninebillionby2050.Themajorfoodsourceto sustain such a large population is projected to be seafood. Aquaculture will be the prime source of seafood by 2030 according to the recent World Bank report. Fish farming can help provide livelihoods and feed the global population if practiced responsibly. For an aquaculture system to be truly sustainable, it must meet sus- tainability standard in three major areas including economic sustainability, envi- ronmental sustainability, and social and community sustainability. We need to establish best aquaculture practice methods to avoid significant disruptiontotheecosystem,thelossofbiodiversityandsubstantialpollutionimpact to the environment. The system must be a viable business proposition with long-term prospects. Aquaculture system should contribute to community well-being and must be socially responsible. Aquaculturecanmakeanimportantcontributiontoglobalfoodsecurity,butnew investment is needed to meet the anticipated demand. Generally, small scale and organicgrowth ofaquaculturehasmade itdifficult toregulate anditcontributes to thehighlevelofrisktothenewinvestors.Themajorriskfactorsinaquacultureare determinedprimarilybywatermanagement,productionintensity,andclosenessof fish farms to one another. Life cycle assessment (LCA) defines sustainability in the broader sense by comparing food production systems in terms of impact on processes that govern global biogeochemical cycles. Thus concerted research should focus on develop- ment of a simplified biodiversity/water quality index of sustainability at the ecosystem level and adapt spatial planning to aquaculture zoning. An effort has been made in this book to include important relevant recent research topics in sustainable aquaculture practices. This book contains chapters that cover socio-economic and environmental assessment for sustainable aquacul- ture production (Chaps. 1 and 2). Particularly, Chap. 8 presents an analysis of carbon footprint under an intensive aquaculture regime. Chapters 3 and 5 present sustainable fishing methods, while Chap. 4 critically assesses the aspect of sus- tainable aquaculture feed. Chapters 6 and 7 discuss aquaponics as a niche for sustainablemodernaquaculture.Theeffectofuseofpharmaceuticalstopreventfish v vi Preface diseaseonthesurroundingmarineenvironmentisanemergingareaofconcern,and a critical discussion on this aspect is included in Chap. 9. The spread of organic waste and nutrients released by fish farms to natural water bodies has raised con- siderableconcerns.Therefore,themethodstopreventtheirdispersionandremoval (treatment)arethefocusofChap.10.Webelievethatthecurrentbookwillbevery helpful to academician, researchers, and policy-makers in the area of aquaculture. The editors of this book thankfully acknowledge the assistance of Muhammad Bilal Asif of the University of Wollongong in some of the baseline analyses. This book is a part of the book series “Applied Environmental Science & Engineering for a Sustainable Future (AESE)”, and we gratefully acknowledge the cooperation of the series editors V. Jegatheesan, L. Shu, P. Lens, and C. Chiemchaisri. Last but not the least, the editors are indebted to their family members for their wholehearted cooperation. Wollongong, Australia Faisal I. Hai Klongluang Pathumthani, Thailand Chettiyappan Visvanathan Thibodaux, USA Ramaraj Boopathy Contents 1 Aquaculture and the Environment: Towards Sustainability . . . . . . 1 Krishna R. Salin and Gabriel Arome Ataguba 2 Sustainable Aquaculture: Socio-Economic and Environmental Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Bishal Bhari and C. Visvanathan 3 Sustainable Fishing Methods in Asia Pacific Region . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Sudath Terrence Dammannagoda 4 Sustainable Aquafeed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Krishna R. Salin, V. V. Arun, C. Mohanakumaran Nair and James H. Tidwell 5 Sustainable Production of Shrimp in Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Pattira Pongtippatee, Krishna R. Salin, Gabriel Arome Ataguba and Boonsirm Withyachumnarnkul 6 Aquaponics: A Commercial Niche for Sustainable Modern Aquaculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Paul Rye Kledal and Ragnheidur Thorarinsdottir 7 Aquaponics Production, Practices and Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Edoardo Pantanella 8 Estimating Carbon Footprint Under an Intensive Aquaculture Regime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Sara Gonzalez-Garcia, Pedro Villanueva-Rey, Gumersindo Feijoo and Maria Teresa Moreira vii viii Contents 9 Impact of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds in Marine Environment on Aquaculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Muhammad B. Asif, Faisal I. Hai, William E. Price and Long D. Nghiem 10 Waste Treatment in Recirculating Shrimp Culture Systems. . . . . . 301 Raj Boopathy Index .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 323 Chapter 1 Aquaculture and the Environment: Towards Sustainability Krishna R. Salin and Gabriel Arome Ataguba Abstract The contribution of aquaculture to global fish production has increased in the last twenty years with the production level reaching 73.8 million tonnes in 2014,about44%oftotalfishproduction.AsianandAfricanaquacultureproduction accounts for a greater proportion of growth in aquaculture output. Aquaculture contributes to livelihoods as well as revenue in several countries even though the economic conditions have been inclement and environmental problems persist. Aquaculture will have to continue to grow to meet the increasing demand for fish. But growth would not be sustainable if the planning and management are not improvedsignificantly.Thereisaneedforlocal,nationalandinternationalplanning and management to cater for environmental, social, economic, health and animal welfareconcerns.Theseformthecoreofbestmanagementpracticeinaquaculture. Aquaculturecanimpactontheenvironmentnegativelyconsideringgenetics,water quality,ecology,healthandresourceusewhiletheenvironmentaffectsaquaculture on three fronts: the cultured species, culture system and overall feasibility. These puttogetherwill demandsome management effort in order to ensure sustainability of aquaculture depending on the application of site selection and carrying capacity assessment, aquaculture hazard and risk analysis, ecosystem‐based approach to aquaculture, aquaculture governance and planning, and aquaculture certification and standards. These are discussed in this chapter. (cid:1) (cid:1) Keywords Sustainable aquaculture Intensification Ecosystem approach (cid:1) Risk analysis Certification K.R.Salin(&)(cid:1)G.AromeAtaguba AquacultureandAquaticResourcesManagement,AsianInstituteofTechnology, KlongLuang,Pathumthani12120,Thailand e-mail:[email protected] G.AromeAtaguba DepartmentofFisheriesandAquaculture,UniversityofAgriculture, P.M.B.2373,Makurdi,Nigeria ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG,partofSpringerNature2018 1 F.I.Haietal.(eds.),SustainableAquaculture,AppliedEnvironmental ScienceandEngineeringforaSustainableFuture, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73257-2_1