Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies 203 John Littlewood Robert J. Howlett Lakhmi C. Jain   Editors Sustainability in Energy and Buildings 2020 Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies Volume 203 Series Editors Robert J. Howlett, Bournemouth University and KES International, Shoreham-by-sea, UK Lakhmi C. Jain, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, Centre for Artificial Intelligence, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia The Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies book series encompasses the topics of knowledge, intelligence, innovation and sustainability. The aim of the seriesistomakeavailableaplatformforthepublicationofbooksonallaspectsof single and multi-disciplinary research on these themes in order to make the latest resultsavailableinareadily-accessibleform.Volumesoninterdisciplinaryresearch combining two or more of these areas is particularly sought. Theseriescoverssystemsandparadigmsthatemployknowledgeandintelligence inabroadsense.Itsscopeissystemshavingembeddedknowledgeandintelligence, whichmaybeappliedtothesolutionofworldproblemsinindustry,theenvironment and the community. It also focusses on the knowledge-transfer methodologies and innovationstrategiesemployedtomakethishappeneffectively.Thecombinationof intelligent systems tools and a broad range of applications introduces a need for a synergy of disciplines from science, technology, business and the humanities. The series will include conference proceedings, edited collections, monographs, hand- books, reference books, and other relevant types of book in areas of science and technology where smart systems and technologies can offer innovative solutions. Highqualitycontentisanessentialfeatureforallbookproposalsacceptedforthe series. It is expected that editors of all accepted volumes will ensure that contributionsaresubjectedtoanappropriatelevelofreviewingprocessandadhere to KES quality principles. Indexed by SCOPUS, EI Compendex, INSPEC, WTI Frankfurt eG, zbMATH, Japanese Science and Technology Agency (JST), SCImago, DBLP. All books published in the series are submitted for consideration in Web of Science. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8767 John Littlewood Robert J. Howlett (cid:129) (cid:129) Lakhmi C. Jain Editors Sustainability in Energy and Buildings 2020 123 Editors JohnLittlewood RobertJ. Howlett Schoolof ArtandDesign, The Sustainable ‘Aurel Vlaicu’ University of Arad andResilient BuiltEnvironment group Arad,Romania Cardiff Metropolitan University BournemouthUniversity Cardiff, UK Poole, UK LakhmiC. Jain KESInternational LiverpoolHope University Sussex, UK Liverpool, UK University of Technology Sydney Sydney,Australia KESInternational Sussex, UK ISSN 2190-3018 ISSN 2190-3026 (electronic) Smart Innovation,Systems andTechnologies ISBN978-981-15-8782-5 ISBN978-981-15-8783-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8783-2 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature SingaporePteLtd.2021 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregard tojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore International Programme Committee Prof. Mohamed Abbas, UDES/CDER, Algeria Dr. Kouzou Abdellah, Djelfa University, Algeria Prof. Abdel Ghani Aissaoui, University of Bechar, Algeria Dr. Mahmood Alam, University of Brighton, UK Dr. Martin Anda, Murdoch University, Australia Dr. Jo Atkinson, The Active Building Centre, UK Prof. Ahmad Taher Azar, Prince Sultan University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Saudi Arabia Assoc. Prof. Messaouda Azzouzi, University of Djelfa, Algeria Dr.MagdalenaBaborska-Narozny,WroclawUniversityofScienceandTechnology, Poland Miss. Hannah Baker, University of Cambridge, UK Dr. Julius Bañgate, Université Le Havre, France Dr. Andrea Bartolucci, Université Clermont, France Ms. Anna Kate Becker, Clemson University, USA Dr. Pablo Benitez, National University of Itapúa, Paraguay Assoc. Prof. Umberto Berardi, Ryerson University, Canada Dr. Gabriele Bernardini, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy Dr. Stephen Berry, University of South Australia, Australia Assistant Professor Trevor Butler, Athbasca University, Canada Assoc. Prof. Alfonso Capozzoli, Politecnico di Torino, Italy Dr. Penny Carey, Potakabin, UK Dr. Stefano Cascone, University of Catania, Italy Prof. Francesco Causone, Politecnico di Milano, Italy Dr. Boris Ceranic, University of Derby, UK Prof. Christopher Chao, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Dr. Giacomo Chiesa, Politecnico di Torino, Italy Prof. Dulce Coelho, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, ISEC, Portugal Dr. John Cosgove, The Limerick Institute of technology, Ireland Dr. Alessandro D’Amico, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy Lorenzo Diana, Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy v vi InternationalProgrammeCommittee Dr. Mahieddine Emziane, MIST, UAE Dr. Diana Enescu, Valahia University of Targoviste, Romania Prof. Youssef Errami, Chouaib Doukkali University, Morocco Prof. Najib Essounbouli, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, France Dr. Stefano Fantucci, Politecnico di Torino, Italy Dr. Fatima Farinha, Universidade do Algarve, Portugal Dr. Tiago Miguel Ferreira, University of Minho, Portugal Prof. Donal Finn, University College Dublin, Ireland Dr. Anastasia Fotopoulou, University of Bologna, Italy Prof. Antonio Gagliano, University of Catania, Italy Prof. Waldo Gallo, VUB Architectural Engineering, Belgium Prof. Andrew Geens, The Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers, UK Prof. George E. Georghiou, University of Cyprus, Cyprus Prof. Roberto Giordano, Politecnico di Torino, Italy Dr. Elisa Di Giuseppe, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy Dr. Morten Gjerde, Victoria University, New Zealand Professor Chris Gorse, Leeds Beckett University, UK Prof. Dr.-Ing. Lars-O. Gusig, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Hannover, Germany Dr. Carolyn Hayles, Cardiff Metropolitan University, UK Dr. Pieter Herthogs, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Switzerland Professor Bob Howlett, University of Bournemouth, UK Dr. Mohammad Arif Kamal, Aligarh Muslim University, India Prof. George Karani, Cardiff Metropolitan University, UK Prof. Khalil Kassmi, Mohamed Premier University, Morocco Prof. Mohanlal Kolhe, University of Agder, Norway Prof. Sumathy Krishnan, North Dakota State University, USA Dr. Andreja Kutnar, University of Primorska, Slovenia Dr. Domagoj Leskarac, Planet Ark Power, Australia Dr. John Littlewood, Cardiff Metropolitan University, UK Dr. Ruggiero Lovreglio, Massey University, New Zealand Dr. Sebastiano Maltese, Scuola Universitaria, Italy Prof. Noureddine Manamani, University of Reims, France Prof. Ahmed Mezrhab, University Mohammed 1, Morocco Dr. Mojtaba Moghimi, Jacobs Engineering, USA Mr. Jon Moorhouse, University of Liverpool, UK Dr. Michele Morganti, Politecnico di Milano, Italy Dr. Federica Naspi, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy Ms. Consuelo Nava, Mediterranea University, Italy Prof. Francesco Nocera, University of Catania, Italy Dr. Graham Ormondroyd, Bangor University, UK Mr. Emeka Efe Osaji, Leeds Beckett University, UK Dr. Poorang Piroozfgar, University of Brighton, UK Prof. Joao Ramos, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal Dr. Eric Roberts, Integrated environmental Solutions Ltd, UK InternationalProgrammeCommittee vii Prof. Fernanda Rodrigues, University of Aveiro, Portugal Prof. Alessandro Rogora, Politecnico di Milano, Italy Assoc. Prof. Brandon Ross, Clemson University, USA Federica Rosso, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy Dr. Atul Sagade, Renewable Energy Innovation and Research Foundation, India Dr. Masoud Sajjadian, Edinburgh Napier University, UK Dr. Fausto Sanna, Cardiff metropolitan University, UK Prof. Wilfried Sark, Utrecht University, The Netherlands Prof. Gaetano Antonio Sciuto, University of Catania, Italy Dr. Geraldine Seguela, University of Technology Sydney, Australia Prof. Begum Sertyesilisik, Izmir Democracy University, Turkey Associate Professor Magda Sibley, Cardiff University, UK Dr. Fabiana Silvero Prieto, National University of Itapua, Paraguay Professsor Luca Spalazzi, à Politecnica delle Marche, Italy Dr. Morwenna Spear, Bangor University, UK Dr. Sascha Stegen, Griffith University, Australia Prof. Fionn Stevenson, University of Sheffield, UK Prof. Edward Szczerbicki, University of Newcastle, Australia Prof. Ahmed Tahour, University of Mascara, Algeria Dr. Ali Tahri, University of Sciences and Technology of Oran, Algeria Dr. Anne Templeton, University of Edinburgh, UK Prof. Horia-Nicolai Teodorescu, Institute of Computer Science, Romania Professor Andrew Thomas, University of Aberystwyth, UK Dr. Linda Toledo, UK Dr. Simon Tucker, Liverpool John Moores University, UK Miss. Maria Unuigbe, Leeds Beckett University, UK Prof. Mummadi Veerachary, Indian Institute of Technology, India Prof. Romeu Vicente, University of Aveiro, Portugal Diana Waldron, Cardiff Metropolitan University, UK Dr. Simon Walters, University of Brighton, UK Dr. Water Wayne, Wayne State University, USA Paul Wilgeroth, Cardiff Metropolitan University, UK Professor Sara Wilkinson, University of Technology Sydney, Australia Amber Wismayer, University of Bath, UK Prof. Smail Zouggar, University Mohammed first Oujda, Morocco Preface The12th InternationalConferenceonSustainabilityandEnergyinBuildings 2020 (SEB-20)isamajorinternationalconferenceorganisedbyapartnershipmadeupof KES International and the Sustainable and Resilient Built Environment group, Cardiff Metropolitan University. SEB-20 invited contributions on a range of topics related to sustainable build- ings and renewable energy and explored innovative themes regarding building adaptation responding to climate change. The aim of the conference was to bring together university researchers, gov- ernment and scientific experts and industry professionals to discuss the minimisa- tion of energy use and associated carbon emissions in buildings, neighbourhoods andcities;fromatheoretical,practical,implementationandsimulationperspective. The conference formed an exciting chance to present, interact and learn about the latestresearchandpracticaldevelopmentsonthesubject.Forthefirsttime,SEB-20 wasorganisedthroughKESInternational’sVirtualConferenceplatforminresponse to the COVID-19 pandemic which rose to prominence in 2020. The conference featured two general tracks chaired by experts in the fields: (cid:129) Sustainable and smart buildings (cid:129) Sustainable energy technologies In addition, there were seven invited sessions proposed and organised by prominent researchers. It is important that a conference provides high-quality talks from leading-edge presenters. SEB-20 featured two keynote speakers: Prof. Steve Goodhew, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK; and Associate Prof. Umberto Berardi, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada. The conference attracted submissions from around the world. Submissions for the full-paper track were subjected to a two-stage blind peer review process. With the objective of producing a high-quality conference, only the best of these were selected for presentation at the conference and publication in the Springer as book chapters.SubmissionsfortheShortPaperTrackweresubjectedtoa‘lighter-touch’ review and published in an online medium, but not in the Springer book. ix x Preface Thanksareduetotheverymanypeoplewhohavegiventheirtimeandgoodwill freely to make SEB-20 a success. We would like to thank the members of the InternationalProgrammeCommittee whowereessential inprovidingtheirreviews of the conference papers, ensuring appropriate quality. We thank the high-profile keynote speakers for providing interesting talks to inform delegates and provoke discussion. Important contributors to the conference were made by the authors, presentersanddelegateswithoutwhomtheconferencecouldnothavetakenplace, soweofferthemourthanks.Finally,wewouldliketothanktheadministrativestaff of KES International. It is hoped that you find the conference an interesting, informative and useful experience; and remain connected through the KES International Virtual Conference Experience. Cardiff, UK Dr. John Littlewood Arad, Romania/Poole, UK/Sussex, UK Prof. Robert J. Howlett Liverpool, UK/Sydney, Australia/Sussex, UK Prof. Lakhmi C. Jain SEB-20 Conference Chairs