BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF 1891 1.3.p.5L..i(>.i i).nj.i>. Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924031221 65 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS. -CHAPTER I.—GENEEAL INSTRUCTIONS. Page Field Work 1 Care of Field Equipment 2 Field Notes 6 OfBce Work 12 CHAPTER II.—THE CHAIN AND TAPE. Units of Measure 13 Linear Measuring Instruments 14 Use of Chain and Tape 16 Perpendiculars 17 Parallels 18 Angles 19 Location of Points 19 Location of Objects 31 The Line Surveys 21 Ranging in Lines 21 Signals 33 Stakes and Stake Driving 23 Problem A 1. Length of Pace 34 A 2. Distances by Pacing 34 A 3. Axemen and Flagmen Practice 34 A 4. Range Pole Practice 34 A 5. Standardizing Chain or Tape 36 A 6. Distances with Surveyors' Chain 36 A 7. Distances with Engineers' Chain 37 A 8. Distances with 100-foot Steel Tape 38 A 9. Horizontal Distance on Slope 38 AlO. Angles of Triangle with Tape 30 All. Survey of Field with Tape 30 A13. Area by Perpendiciilar Method 33 A13. Area by Three-Side Method 33 2 ix . TABLE OF CONTENTS. X Pago A14. AreabyAngle Method 33 A15. Area from Plat 34 A16. Survey of Fieldwith Curved Boundary. 33 A17. Area of Fieldwith Curved Boundary. ... 33 A18. Area (of same) from Plat 36 A19. Passing an Obstacle with Tape 36 A30. Obstructed Distance with Tape 38 A31. Running in Curve with Tape 38 A33. Discussion of Errors of Chaining 40 A33. Testing Standard of Length 40 A34. Constants of Steel Tape 43 A35. Making a Standard Wire Tape 43 A36. Comparison of Chains andTapes 43 CHAPTER III.—THE COMPASS. Types of Magnetic Compass 45 Declination of the Needle 46 Variation of the Declination 47 Local Attraction 48 The Vernier .' 49 Use of the Compass 49 Adjustments and Tests of Compass 50 Problem B 1. Declination of Needle 51 B 3. Angles of Triangle with Compass 52 B 3. Traverse of Field with Compass 53 B 4. Area of Field with Compass 54 B 5. Adjustment of Compass 56 B 6. Comparison of Compasses 56 CHAPTER IV.—THE LEVEL. Types of Level ' 57 The Telescope 58 Line of Collimatioh 58 Objective 5S Chromatic Aberration 58 Spherical Aberration 60 Eyepiece 60 Definition 61 Illumination 61 Aperture of Objective 61 . TABLE OF CONTENTS. xi Page Size of Field 61 Mag-nifying Power 61 Parallax 61 Cross-Hairs 63 The Bubble Vial 63 Leveling Eods 64 Use of tte Level 65 Differential Leveling 66 Profile Leveling 68 Eeciprocal Leveling , 68 Contour Leveling 69 Grade Lines 69 Cross-sectioning 69 Running Lines 70 Practical Hints 70 Adjustment ofWye Level 72 Adjustment of Dumpy Level 75 Problem C 1. Differential Leveling with Hand Level. . 76 C 3. Differential Leveling, Engineers' Level.. 77 C 3. Profile Leveling for Drain 77 C 4. Eailroad Profile Leveling 81 C 5. Vertical Curve 83 C 6. Establishing Grade Line : 83 C 7. Setting Slope Stakes ; 85 C 8. Calculation of Quantities 85 C 9. Staking Out a Borrow Pit 85 CIO. Levels for Street Paving 86 : Cll. Coiitour Leveling 88 C13. Use of Contour Map 89 1 C13. Eeciprocal Leveling '. 89 C14. Delicacy of Bubble Vial 90 ; C15. Comparison of Level Telescopes 91 C16. Tests of Wye Level 91 C17. Adjustment of Wye Level 93 C18. Sketching Wye Level 93 C19. Tests of Dumpy Level 93 C20. Adjustment of Dumpy Level 93 C21. Sketching Dumpy Level 93 C33. Stretching Cross-Hairs 93 C33. Error of Setting Level Target 94 C34. Making a Leveling Rod 95 C35. Comparison of Engineers' Levels 95