Contents, Volume 45, 2000-2001 July-August 2000 MAJOR REVIEW. Periventricular Leukomalacia: An Important Cause of Visual and Ocular Motility Dysfunction in Children. Lena K. Jacobson, MD, PhD, and Gordon N. Dutton, MD, FRCOphth Periventricular leukomalacia has become the principal cause of visual impairment and dysfunction in children born prematurely. These disorders may or may not be associated with nonocular disorders, such as cerebral palsy or mental retardation. Thorough and early assessment of affected children is crucial, so that treatment can be initiated for correctable problems and strategiefso r habilitation and education can be planned for children whose visual deficits are permanent. MAJOR REVIEW. Fluorescence Properties and Metabolic Features of Indocyanine Green (ICG) as Related to Angiography. T. Desmettre, MD, PhD, J.M. Devoisselle, PhD, and S. Mordon, PhD Indocyanine green allows excellent imaging of the choroidal vasculature; however, interpreting the images is complex. This review considers the clinical features of ICG in the context of knowledge of this dve obtained from basic scientific studies. Such knowledge may allow the clinician to better understand the angiograms performed with this dye. DIAGNOSTIC AND SURGICAL TECHNIQUES. Electrophysiology in the Investigation of Acquired Retinal Disorders. Hendrik P.N. Scholl, MD, MA, and Eberhart Zrenner, MD This review illustrates electrophysiologic findings in acquired retinal disorders, including diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, inflammation, vitamin deficiency, cancer, photochemical damage, and damage caused by chronic lead exposure. Information obtained by electroretinography and electro-oculography can assist in the intitial diagnosis of acquired retinal disorders and in follow-up during and after treatment. CURRENT RESEARCH. The Role of the immune System in Conjunctival Wound Healing After Glaucoma Surgery. L. Chang, FRCOphth, J.G. Crowston, FRCOpnhth, M. Francesca Cordeiro, PhD, MRCP, FRCOphth, A.N. Akbar, MCRPath, PhD, BSc, and P.T. Khaw, PhD, FRCP, FRCS, FRCOphth The modulation of abnormal conjunctival wound healing is of great interest, because excessive subconjunctival scarring is the main reason for the failure of glaucoma filtration surgery. Mechanisms of wound healing and scarring are discussed, as are current and future approaches to controlling wound healing by modulating the immune system. CLINICAL CHALLENGES. Unilateral Lid Retraction During Pregnancy. Kenneth C. Kubis, MD, Helen Danesh-Meyer, MD, and Jurij R. Bilyk, MD. Comments by Gregory N. Boger, MD, Edmund Pribitkin, MD, Arun Jain, MD, and Peter A.D. Rubin, MD A 32-year-old woman complained of an “enlarged eyelid opening,” which had begun in her third month of pregnancy. There was no history of trauma, thyroid or sinus disease, or cancer, and MRI scan was normal. No diagnosis was made. The problem continued, and 8 months later CT scan led to the correct diagnosis. CLINICAL CHALLENGES. Node Way Out. Michael S. Vaphiades, DO, Harry Brown, MD, and Scott M. Whitcup, MD. Comments by John L. Keltner, MD, and Charles E. Thirkill, PhD A 57-year-old woman complained of visual hallucinations, which she describeda s “shimmering pieces of glass” moving in a kaleidoscopic pattern. Electroretinography confirmed the diagnosis of the disorder characterized by this presentation. MULTIMEDIA REVIEWS 84 Complex Cases with LASIK: Advanced Techniques and Complications Management, edited by Louis Probst, MD. Michael A. Rosenberg, MD 84 Vitreoretinal Surgery of the Injured Eye, edited by D. Virgil Alfaro Ill, MD, and Peter E. Liggett, MD. Kah-Guan Au Eong, MMed (Ophth), FRCS 85 Diseases of the Retina and Vitreous, edited by Richard F. Spaide, MD. Sharon Fekrat, MD CURRENT OPHTHALMOLOGY 86 Allen J. Flach, MD, comments on: The Decrease of Visual Acuity in Cataract Patients Waiting for Surgery, by J. Leinonen and L. Laatikainen TIME OPH. From E to EGNUS. Robert N. Feinstein, MD September—October 2000 EDITORIAL. Changes and Additions to the Editorial Board. Bernard Schwartz, MD, PhD MAJOR REVIEW. Penetrating Keratoplasty and Glaucoma. Ramesh S. Ayyala, MD, FRCS, FRCOphth Glaucoma is one of the most problematic complications after penetrating keratoplasty. Pathogenesis and diagnosis of post-keratopathy glaucoma are briefly reviewed. Recent developments in management, including new classes of drugs, surgical procedures and drainage devices, and cyclodestructive procedures, are discussed in detail. DIAGNOSTIC AND SURGICAL TECHNIQUES. Common Errors in the Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Neuro-Ophthalmic Diagnosis. Robyn J. Wolintz, MD, Jonathan D. Trobe, MD, Wayne T. Cornblath, MD, Stephen S. Gebarski, MD, Alexander S. Mark, MD, and Martin P. Kolsky, MD Magnetic resonance imaging is not a “one size fits all” medium. Common mistakes and approaches to avoiding them are illustrated. Most critical is the transfer of relevant information between the ordering physician and the radiologist. CURRENT RESEARCH. The Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Stephen Beatty, FRCOphth, Hui-Hiang Koh, M Phil, David Henson, PhD, and Michael Boulton, PhD Oxidative stress, the cellular damage caused by reactive oxygen intermediates, is implicated in many disease processes. The authors review the literature germane to oxidative processes in the retina and examine the evidence for a causal link between oxidative stress and age-related macular degeneration AFTERIMAGES. Pseudo-Pseudotumor. Sunil K. Srivastava, MD, and Nancy J. Newman, MD This case demonstrates an unusual presentation of Graves’ eve disease and illustrates that T1-weightedf,a t suppressed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging revealed the diagnosis, whereas axial computerized tomography had suggested orbital cellulitis or myositis. REFRACTIONS AND REFLECTIONS. Theoretical Limits to Visual Performance. Jim Schwiegerling, PhD What is the ultimate endpoint of wavefront sensing and laser procedures to correct aberrations of the eye? The effects of aberrations on visual performance are reviewed and the theoretical limits of visual performance are predicted. CLINICAL CHALLENGES. A Bruital Headache and Double Vision. Eric Eggenberger, DO. Comments by Andrew G. Lee, MD, Thomas R. Forget, Jr., MD, and Robert Rosenwasser, MD Sharp right hemicranial pain, a pulsating internal sound, and diplopia characterized the clinical presentation in this 44-year-old woman. A sixth nerve palsy was identified on examination. CLINICAL CHALLENGES. Really Painful Double Vision. Lyn A. Sedwick, MD. Comments by David |. Kaufman, DO, and Jonathan Fratkin, MD A 67-year-old woman who had suffered from near-chronic ache in the left forehead and top of her head for 3 months had recently developed binocular diagonal diplopia. History included Crohn’s disease and removal of two squamous lesions from her forehead (“completely resected”) 8 months earlier. She was being treated with prednisonfeo r her Crohn’s disease and/or headache. 161 MULTIMEDIA REVIEWS 161 Glaucoma Medical Therapy, edited by Peter A. Netland and Robert C. Allen. Angelo P. Tanna, MD 162 Ophthalmic Fundamentals: Glaucoma, edited by Joseph W. Sassani. Craig H. Gerstein, MD 162 Neuro-ophthalmology, Third Edition, edited by Joel S. Glaser. John B. Kerrison, MD CURRENT OPHTHALMOLOGY 165 Niraj Patel, MD, comments on: Cataract Development After Trabeculectomy With Mitomycin C: A 1-Year Study, by L. Daugeliene, T. Yamamoto, and Y. Kitazawa 166 T. Rowan Candy, PhD, comments on: Neuronal Correlates of Amblyopia in the Visuai Cortex of Macaque Monkeys with Experimental Strabismus and Anisometropia, by L. Kiorpes, D. Kiper, L. O’Keefe, J. Cavanaugh, and A. Movshon 167 Joan M. O’Brien, MD, comments on: Environmental and Heritable Factors in the Causation of Cancer: Analyses of Cohorts of Twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland, by P. Lichtenstein, N.V. Holm, P.K. Verkasalo, A. lliadou, J. Kaprio, M. Koskenvuo, E. Pukkala, A. Skytthe, and K. Hemminki TIME OPH. Nothing New Under the Sun. Ben Milder, MD November—December 2000 MAJOR REVIEW. Ocular Colobomata. Benjamin C. Onwochei, MD, John W. Simon, MD, J. Bronwyn Bateman, MD, Kimberly C. Couture, BS, and Envar Mir Ocular colobomata present diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, especially in young children, and visual prognosis is related to location and associated features. This article reviews the pathogeneses, categorization, genetic bases, differential diagnosis and management of these common congenital malformations. CURRENT RESEARCH. Mechanisms of Action of Photodynamic Therapy with Verteporfin for the Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth, MD, and Tayyaba Hasan, PhD Photodynamic therapy with verteporfin is a promising new treatment option for patients with choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration. Mechanisms of action, as well as results of preclinical and clinical studies, are reviewed. REFRACTIONS AND REFLECTIONS. Examination and Refractive Management of Patients with Nystagmus. Richard W. Hertle, MD Patients with nystagmus can be difficult to examine and refract.. The author describes a method of clinically organizing nystagmus, step-by-step techniques for performing refraction, and various approaches to optical treatment. CLINICAL CHALLENGES. Visual Loss in Pregnancy. Anna J. Park, MD, Tehmina Haque, MD, and Helen V. Danesh-Meyer, MD. Comments by David |. Kaufman, DO, and Michael J. Potchen, MD A preeclamptic woman had bilateral visual loss upon recovering from anesthesia following a cesarean section. Diagnosis and management are discussed. CLINICAL PATHOLOGIC REVIEW. Iris Melanoma in a Patient with Neurofibromatosis. Santosh G. Honavar, MD, Arun D. Singh, MD, Carol L. Shields, MD, Jerry A. Shields, MD, and Ralph C. Eagle, Jr., MD The association of iris melanoma and neurofibromatosis, both of neural crest origin, is controversial. The case of a patient with both entities is presented, and the literature is critically reviewed, with particular emphasis on exploring whether the association is likely to be causal or coincidental. THERAPEUTIC REVIEW. Neuroimaging Contrast Agents in Ophthalmology. Andrew G. Lee, MD, L. Anne Hayman, MD, and Andrew W. Ross, PhD Although contrast materials contribute greatly to the diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography, they may also be responsiblfeo r adverse effects, ranging in severity from mild discomfort to death. Properties of contrast agents are discussed, as are types and severity of adverse effects and risk factorfso r such effects. REMEMBRANCES OF THINGS PAST. The Legacy of David G. Cogan, MD. John W. Gittinger, Jr., MD The professional life and unique personal qualities of David G. Cogan are recalled with admiration, warmth, and humor by his former student and fellow. MULTIMEDIA REVIEWS 259 Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology, edited by Daniel M. Albert, Frederick A. Jakobiec, Dimitri T. Azar, and Evangelos S. Gragoudas. Howard H. Tessier, MD 260 CD-ROM Version of Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology, edited by Daniel M. Albert, Frederick A. Jakobiec, Dimitri T. Azar, and Evangelos S. Gragoudas. Angelo T. Tanna, MD 260 Diabetes and Ocular Disease: Past, Present, and Future Therapies (Ophthalmology Monograph #14), edited by Harry W. Flynn, Jr., and William E. Smiddy. Lee M. Jampol, MD 261 Diagnostic Atlas of Orbital Diseases, by Jonathan J. Dutton, Sandra Frazier Byrne, and Alan D. Proia. Gary S. Lissner, MD LETTERS. A New Report of Laser Eye Injury. Daniel F. Marcus, MD, and James Ravin, MD, MS. Author’s Response. Michael Belkin, MA, MD TIME OPH. A Brave New Glaucoma World. Christos N. Serpetopoulos, MD November 2000 Supplement 1 Elimination of Cataract Blindness: A Global Perspective Entering the New Millennium S1 Foreword. A Perspective From a Surgeon Practicing in the Developing World. David Yorston, MD S3 Foreword. A Perspective From a Surgeon Practicing in the Industrialized World. Howard Fine, MD S5 Preface. Overcoming Cataract Blindness. A Goal for the New Millennium S7_ Dedication. In Tribute to Sir Harold Ridley Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. Blindness in the World Chapter 3. Cataract: Epidemiology and Service Delivery Chapter 4. Cataract Surgery with ICCE and Spectacles. Chapter 5. Evolution of Cataract Surgery and Intraocular Lenses; Quality of Intraocular Lenses Chapter 6. Cataract Surgery with Rigid and Foldable Posterior Chamber-intraocular Lenses, Extracapsular Cataract Extraction, and Phacoemulsification Chapter 7. Posterior Capsule Opacification (Secondary Cataract) Chapter 8. Anterior Chamber Intraocular Lenses Chapter 9. Pediatric Cataracts Chapter 10. Refractive Surgery in the Developing World Chapter 11. Epilogue APPENDIX I. Cataract-IOL-, and Refractive Surgery-Related Publications, Center for Research in Ocular Therapeutics and Biodevices, 1984-2000. APPENDIX Il. Vision 2000; Organizations Supporting Developing World-Cataract Surgery and Present Surgical Initiatives. January-February 2001 MAJOR REVIEW. Exfoliation Syndrome. Robert Ritch, MD, and Ursula Schlotzer-Schrehardt, PhD Glaucoma occurs more commonly in eyes with exfoliation syndrome than in those without it. Moreover, patients with exfoliation syndrome are more likely to develop angle-closure glaucoma, and their disease has a more serious clinical course and worse prognosis than primary open-angle glaucoma. Heightened awareness of this condition and its associated clinical signs are important in the detection and management of glaucoma and in the preoperative determination of those patients at increased risk for surgical complications. TIME OPH. The Missing The. Robert N. Feinstein, PhD REVIEWS IN MEDICINE. Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Stroke. Louise D. McCullough, MD, PhD, N.B. Beauchamp, MD, and Robert Wityk, MD New therapiefsor the treatment of acute stroke, especially thrombolysis, have turned what was once considered an inevitable deficit into a potentially treatable illness. Since treatment is effective only if begun within 3 hours of onset of symptoms, it is imperativfeo r all physicians to be able to identify symptoms of cerebral ischemia. CLINICAL CHALLENGES 331 Crossed Eyes in a Six-Year-Old Girl. Omar N. Mekari-Sabbagh, MD, and Rosana P. DaCunha, MD. Comments by Amy Jeffrey, MD 335 New Onset of Crossed Eyes in an Adult. Antje Neugebauer, MD, Anne Kirsch, Orthoptist, Julia Fricke, MD, and Walter Russmann, MD. Comments by Daniel M. Jacobson, MD These two cases illustrate the difference in approach to searching for the causes of acquired esotropia in children versus in adults. CURRENT RESEARCH. Development and Cellular Functions of the Iris Pigment Epithelium. Gabriele Thumann, MD This review outlines the development and cellular functions of the iris pigment epithelium, with special emphasis on the modulation of those functions that can allow iris pigment epithelial cells to be transplanted to the subretinal space, where they appear to acquire differentiated properties of retinal pigment epithelium. These cells have potential as a treatment modalitfyo r retinal degenerative diseases. MEDICOLEGALITIES. Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc. John D. Bullock, MD Just because retinal detachment occurs after a traumatic incident, it should not be concluded that the trauma caused the retinal detachment. Three cases are described and diagnostic criteria are summarized. CURRENT OPHTHALMOLOGY 358 Kenneth E. Sack, MD, comments on: A Prospective Search for Ocular Lesions in Hospitalized Patients with Significant Bacteremia, by E. Bouza, R. Cobo-Soriano, M. Rodriguez-Creixems, et al 358 J.E. Jan, MD, FRCP(C) comments on: Relation Between Visual Perceptual Impairment and Neonatal Ultrasound Diagnosis of Haemorrhagic-Iischaemic Brain Lesions in 5-year-Old Children, by B.M. van den Hout, P. Steirs, M. Haers, et al Jonathan C. Horton, MD, PhD, comments on: Deterioration of Giant Cell Arteritis with Corticosteroid Therapy, by H. Staunt, M. Leader, and D. O’Riordain March-April 2001 MAJOR REVIEW. Ocular Nocardia Infections with Special Emphasis on the Cornea. M.S. Sridhar, MD, Usha Gopinathan, MSc, Prashant Garg, MS, Savitri Sharma, MD, and Gullapalli N. Rao, MD The clinical diagnosis of Nocardia keratitis may be missed, because it is uncommon and the presentation may resemble mycotic keratitis or keratitis caused by atypical mycobacteria. Correct diagnosis is crucial, as Nocardia usually does not respond to commonly used first-line medicationfso r bacterial keratitis. Appropriate treatment with trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole and amikacin usually results in prompt resolution. MAJOR REVIEW. Central Disorders of Vision in Humans. Christopher A. Girkin, MD, and Neii R. Miller, MD A wide variety of visual disorders may occur from damage to the visual cortex and its occipitofugal connections with associative visual areas. The focus of this review is the anatomy and physiology of these higher cortical visual areas, with emphasis on their relevance to syndromes in humans. TIME OPH. Be Wise: Deionize. Ben Milder, MD HISTORY OF OPHTHALMOLOGY. The Dilemma of Color Deficiency and Art. Michael F. Marmor, MD, and Philippe Lanthony, MD Despite his deuteranopia, contemporary painter Jens Johannsen produces works that contain a variety of colors that are pleasing to color-normal individuals. The artist describes how the world appears to someone with severe red-green color deficiency and how he has learned to compensatfeor his deficiency. Other artists known to have color deficiencies are discussed. REVIEWS IN MEDICINE. Chemotherapy for Eye Cancer. Matthew W. Wilson, MD, Grazyna Czechonska, MD, PhD, Paul T. Finger, MD, FACS, Aaron Rausen, MD, Mary E. Hooper, and Barrett G. Haik, MD, FACS Although many case reports and studies have been published on the use of chemotherapy in the treatment of ophthalmic tumors, the relatively small number of patients and limited follow-up preclude definitive recommendations. In the absence of multi-center trials, this compilation of results reported in the literature is intended to familiarize ophthalmologists with chemotherapeutic agents, their indications, and toxicities. AFTERIMAGES. Retinal Findings in Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infaracts and Leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). Wendy Robinson, MD, Steven L. Galetta, MD, Leo McCluskey, MD, Mark S. Forman, MD, PhD, and Laura J. Balcer, MD, MSCE Patients with CADASIL, formerly called hereditary multi-infarct dementia, may manifest multiple neurologic signs, including a number of neuro-ophthalmologic abnormalities. Unique retinal findings in a patieni with CADASIL, including arteriole narrowing and sheathing, irregular choroidal filling on fluorescein angiography, and patchy visual field loss, are illustrated. 449 CLINICAL CHALLENGES. Management of Glaucoma in Pregnancy and Lactation. Sandra M. Johnson, MD, Mary Martinez, MD, PhD, and Sharon Freedman, MD. Comments by Jonathan Myers, MD, and Ronald Gross, MD Management of glaucoma in pregnant or nursing women presents special challenges, as antiglaucoma medications may pose risks to the child both in utero and via breast milk. This case illustrates various management considerations with regard to the well-being of the mother and the child. MULTIMEDIA REVIEWS 455 Pterygium Surgery, edited by Lucio Buratto, Robert L. Phillips, and Giuseppe Carito. Marion Macsai, MD 455 Schepens’ Retinal Detachment and Allied Diseases, 2nd edition, edited by Mary E. Hartnett and Tatsuo Hirose. Eugene de Juan CURRENT OPHTHALMOLOGY 457 Creig S. Hoyt, MD, comments on: Ocular Microtremor (OMT): A New Neurophysiological Approach to Multiple Sclerosis, by C. Bolger, S. Bojanic, N. Sheahan, et al 458 DevronH. Char, MD, comments on: Objective Evaluation of Improvement in Optic Neuropathy Following Radiation Therapy for Thyroid Eye Disease, by S. Rush, J.M. Winterkorn, and R. Zak 459 Charles C. Barr, MD, comments on: Retinopathy and Nephropathy in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Four Years After a Trial of Intensive Insulin Therapy, by The Diabetes Control and Complications/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Research Group March 2001 Supplement 2 Understanding Dry Eye Disease: An Update on Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment $197 Introduction. Anthony Bron, MD, BSc, MB BS, FRCOphth, F Acad Med Sci $199 Dry Eye Disease: The Scale of the Problem. Horst Brewitt, MD, and Firouzeh Sistani, PhD $203 The Ocular Surface and Tear Film and Their Dysfunction in Dry Eye Disease. Maurizio Rolando, MD, and Manfred Zierhut, MD The Pathology of Dry Eye. Christophe Baudouin, MD, PhD Diagnosis of Dry Eye. Anthony Bron, MD, BSc, MB BS, FRCOphth, F Acad Med Sci Treatment of Dry Eye. Margarita Calonge, MD May-June 2001 EDITORIAL. Welcome to New Editorial Board Members! Bernard Schwartz, MD, PhD MAJOR REVIEW. Variations in the Presentation of Primary Intraocular Lymphoma: Case Reports and a Review. Manjot K. Gill, MD, and Lee M. Jampol, MD Diagnosis of primary intraocular lymphoma, a subset of primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, can be difficult, as it can mimic a number of other ocular conditions. Although intraocular lymphoma often has a fatal outcome, recognition of its modes of presentation facilitates early diagnosis and treatment that may improve prognosis. TIME OPH. Shortsightedness. Christopher Scribner, PhD DIAGNOSTIC AND SURGICAL TECHNIQUES. Management of Posterior Capsule Tears. Rasik B. Vajpayee, MBBS, MS, Namrata Sharma, MD, Tanuj Dada, MD, Vishal Gupta, MD, Atul Kumar, MD, and Vijay D. Dada, MBBS, MS Posterior capsule tears may be preexisting, spontaneous, or intrasurgical. Intrasurgically, they may represent a complication or they may be planned in the form of primary posterior capsulorhexis. Types of posterior capsule tears and their management are reviewed. CLINICAL CHALLENGES. True, True and Related? Roberto Ebner, MD, Elida DaCol, MD, and Eduardo Bullorsky, MD. Comments by Susan Schneider, MD, and James J. Augsburger, MD What is the cause of central serous retinopathy that occurs after bone marrow transplant but without classical clinical manifestations of bone marrow transplant retinopathy? THERAPEUTIC REVIEWS. The Draize Eye Test. Kirk R. Wilhelmus, MD, MPH The Draize eye test involves the instillation of agents onto the cornea and conjunctiva of laboratory animals. History and ethical concerns regarding this test are reviewed, and the validity, precision, relevance and need for such testing is evaluated in the context of advances in the understanding of ocular toxicology. REVIEWS IN MEDICINE. Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review for the Ophthalmologist. Suzanne Holroyd, MD, and Michael L. Shepherd, MD Current understanding of Alzheimer’s disease, including epidemiologic factors, diagnosis and possible treatments, are reviewed. Such understanding is important to ophthalmologists, as many of their elderly patients are affected by Alzheimer’s disease, which is sometimes associated with visual symptoms. REMEMBRANCES OF THINGS PAST. A. Franceschetti—Great Ophthalmologist and Humanitarian. Abraham Schlossman, MD, and Albert Franceschetti, MD A unique glimpse of this creative, compassionate, and fun-loving ophthalmologist is provided by a personal friend and Professor Franceschetti’s son. PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE EYE. Visual Function Assessment Questionnaires. Robert W. Massof, PhD, and Gary S. Rubin, PhD More than a dozen self-report visual function questionnaires have been developed in an attempt to provide third-party health care payers and research funding agencies with information about “health-related quality of life,” “functional outcomes,” and “patient satisfaction” in regard to medical procedures and care. Characteristics, results, validity and shortcomings of three such questionnaires are examined. MULTIMEDIA REVIEWS 549 The Eye of the Artist, by Michael F. Marmor and James G. Ravin. Lee M. Jampol, MD 549 Macular Surgery, edited by Hugo Quiroz-Mercado, D. Virgil Alfaro Ill, Peter E. Ligett, Yasuo Tano, and Eugene de Juan, Jr. Thomas M. Aaberg, Sr., MD 550 Unfavorable Results of Eyelid and Lacrimal Surgery—Prevention and Management, edited by Joseph A. Mauriello, Jr. Michae! Kazim, MD May 2001 Supplement 3 Neuroprotection: Possibilities in Perspective $241 INTRODUCTION. Neuroprotection--Possibilities in Perspective: The Proceedings of a Neuroprotection Expert Meeting Held on Saturday, 24 June 2000, in London, England. Robert N. Weinreb, MD Session |. Location of Injury to the Optic Nerve and Mechanisms of Retinal Gaglion Cell Death Relevance of the Site of Injury of Glaucoms to Neuroprotective Strategies. Leonard A. Levin, MD, PhD New Horizons in Neuroportection. Rita Naskar, PhD, and Evan B. Dreyer, MD, PhD Physiological Approaches to Neuroprotection. Michal Schwartz, PhD Retinal Ganglion Cell Death Induced by Retinal Ischemia: Neuroprotective Effects of Two Alpha-2 Agonists. Manuel Vidal-Sanz, MD, PhD, Maria P. Lafuente, MD, Sergio Mayor, BSc, Jaime Miralles de Imperial, MD, PhD, and Maria P. Villegas-Perez, MD, PhD In Situ Detection of Apoptosis in Normal Pressure Glaucoma: A Preliminary Examination. Nadine A. Tatton, PhD, Gulgun Tezel, MD, Stephanie A. Insolia, MS, Sarah A. Nandor, BS, P. Deepak Edward, MD, and Martin B. Wax, MD Questions and Answers Following Session |. Location of Injury and Mechanisms of Retinal Ganglion Cell Death Session ll. Enhancing Survival of the Optic Nerve Maintaining Mitochondrial Membrane Impermeability: An Opportunity for New Therapy in Glaucoms. William G. Tatton, MD, PhD, Ruth M.E. Chalmers-Redman, PhD, Steven M. Podos, MD, and Thomas W. Mittag, PhD Efficacy and Safety of Memantine, an NMDA-Type Open-Channei Blocker, for Reduction of Retinal injury Associated with Experimental Glaucoma in Rat and Monkey. William Hare, OD, PhD, Elizabeth WoldeMussie, PhD, Ron Lai, PhD, Hau Ton, BS, Guadaupe Ruiz, Barbara Feldmann, Mercy Wijono, BS, Teresa Chun, BS, and Larry Wheeler, PHD Role of Alpha-2 Adrenergic Receptors in Neuroprotection and Glaucoma. Larry A. Wheeler, PhD, Elizabeth WoldeMussie, PhD, and Daniel W. Gil, PhD Questions and Answers Following Session Il. Enhancing Survival of the Optic Nerve Session Ili. Clinical Detection and Measurement of Optic Nerve Damage Clinical Detection of Optic Nerve Damage: Measuring Changes in Cup Steepness with Use of a New Image Alignment Algorithm. Reinhard O.W. Burk, MD, PhD, and R. Rendon, MD Assessment of the Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer in Clinical Trails of Glaucoma Neuroprotection. Eytan Z. Blumenthal, MD, and Robert N. Weinreb, MD Psychophysical Measurement of Glaucomatous Damage. Chris A. Johnson, PhD What Does Functional Testing Tell Us About Optic Nerve Damage? Pamela A. Sample, PhD Three Common Assumptions About Ocular Blood Flow and Glaucoma. George A. Cioffi, MD Questions and Answers Following Session Ill: Clincial Detection and Measurement of Optic Nerve Damage May 2001 Supplement 4 Targeting IOP Therapy: A First Look at Bimatoprost INTRODUCTION. The Rationale for Lowering Intraocular Pressure in Glaucoma. Robert N. Weinreb, MD The Pharmacology of Bimatoprost (Lumigan™). D.F. Woodward, PhD, A.H.-P Krauss, PhD, J. Chen, PhD, R.K. Lai, PhD, C.S. Spada, PhD, R.M. Burk, PhD, S.W. Andrews, PhD, L. Shi MS, Y. Liang, PhD, K.M. Kedzie, PhD, R. Chen, MS, D.W. Gil, PhD, A. Knarlamb, MS, A. Archeampong, PhD, J. Ling, PhD, C. Madhu, PhD, J. Ni, PhD, P. Rix, MS, J. Usansky, PhD, H. Usansky, MS, A. Weber, PhD, D. Welty, PhD, W. Yang, PhD, D.D.-S. Tang-Liu, PhD, M.E. Garst, PhD, B. Brar, PhD, DVM, L.A. Wheeler, PhD, and L.J. Kaplan, PhD Mechanism of Action of Bimatoprost (Lumigan™). Richard F. Brubaker, MD Efficacy and Safety of Bimatoprost in Patients with Elevated Intraocular Pressure: A 30-Day Comparison with Latanoprost. Harvey DuBiner, MD, David Cooke, MD, Monte Dirks, MD, William C. Stewart, MD, Amanda M. VanDenburgh, PhD, and Carlos Felix, MS Six-Month Comparison of Bimatoprost Once-Daily and Twice-Daily with Timolol Twice-Daily in Patients with Elevated Intraocular Pressure. Mark Sherwood, MD, and James Brandt, MD, for the Bimatoprost Study Groups 1 and 2