Faculty of Bioscience, Fisheries and Economics Surve y of Artisanal Fishing Gear and Craft A case study of Kainji Lake lower basin, Nigeria. — Damilare Ibukun Ogundiwin Master Thesis in International Fisheries Management August, 2014. DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis is the result of my own original research and no part of it has been submitted anywhere. All references have been duly acknowledged and I therefore bear a sole responsibility for any shortcomings. Damilare Ibukun Ogundiwin I hereby certify that this thesis was supervised in accordance with the procedures laid down by The Artic University of Norway, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics Associate Professor Jorge dos Santos Supervisor I DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to Almighty God for His provision, protection and guidance throughout this study. II ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, all my gratitude goes to Almighty God for the strength given unto me to complete this work and strength throughout my studies. My profound gratitude goes to my supervisor, Associate professor Jorge dos Santos for his time, sound advice, direction and suggestion towards the success of this study. I also want to thank him for his constructive criticisms, support, patience and encouragement towards this thesis. His suggestion helped to improve this work significantly. I would like to express my love to my parent Mr. Oluwakayode Ogundiwin and Mrs. Felicia Ogundiwin for their love, care, daily prayers and their support. I am grateful to my uncle, Akin Adeyemo for always given me word of encouragement and always being there for me and not to forget my only biological brother, Babatunde ogundiwin God bless you. To you Kehinde Adelakun, I say, you are indeed a friend among friends. A unique friend, your immense contribution to this work will never be forgotten. I also acknowledged the effort of Musbaudeen Bello and Femi Oyeyemi for their contribution and input in this study. Also not to forget Nicholas Sobang for his involvement And last but not the least, all my thanks to all the people i met during the course of this programme. I extend my greetings to Village leaders in kainji Lake lower basin for their support to this study by encouraging the fishers to participate during field study. I have no words to thank you enough. God bless u all! III ABSTRACT Despite the considerable importance of artisanal fishing in Kainji Lake lower basin, knowledge about gear and craft being used is deficient and outdated. Little is also known as to why fishermen adopted the diverse fishing gear and craft they use in the Lake, as well as the relationship of these input factors to the socio-economic status of the fishermen and ecology of the lake. To address these issues, a survey of sixty (60) artisanal fishers and twelve (12) village leaders drawn from 12 selected communities was undertaken. The survey was performed as a structured questionnaire to the fishers, and as unstructured interviews with the heads of the fishing villages (Maigari). The data collected were analyzed in a dual way: as general statistics of the population of fishers (aggregate analysis), and as multi-dimensional statistics of the individual respondents (respondent analysis). The survey showed that the commonest gear are gill nets, cast nets, hooks and line, traps, surrounding nets, beach seines and lift nets. The kind of craft used in the region is planked canoe (paddle and mechanized) with flat bottom hull, and ownership varies across fishermen. Fish diversity is high, and along this survey # species (# families) were detected. There was a trend for association of species to types of fishing gear, and each fisher could own a number of gear types in different amounts. The most frequent species in the catches is x, but in terms of biomass y seems to be the most important, while Nile perch (Lates niloticus) is relevant for fishers is because of its commercial value. The Hausa ethnic group is dominant in number among the resident fishers. Relationship between gear types and socio-economic status of the fishers revealed inter alia that fishermen that use gill nets, cast nets and hook & line tend to have larger households, belong to a cooperative society, married and older than their counterparts. Settled older fishers are often members of the local cooperative group (fadama), an organization that seems to be less interesting or inclusive for young fishers or outsiders. This seems to exclude these workers from access to credit. The fishers generated a relatively good (gross) income compared to e.g. civil servants in of the state. The majority of the fishers, particularly the settled older men, are part-time in fishing with the possibility of pursuing other activities to generate income. There was contradiction in the opinions of most fishers and village leaders concerning the status and trends of the fisheries in the basin. Further research is needed to provide a better understanding on: (i) dynamics of change of gear with respects to daily or seasonal occurrence; (ii) social dynamics of the fishery. IV Keywords: artisanal fishers; Kainji Lake lower basin; fishing gear and craft; socio-economic status; fisheries status. V TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ................................................................................................................................................ i DEDICATION .................................................................................................................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................................................................. iii ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF PLATES ............................................................................................................................................. ix CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................................... 1 1.0 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Justification ..................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Objectives ....................................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Research Questions ......................................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Outline of the Study ........................................................................................................................ 4 CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................................................. 6 2.0 Literature review ............................................................................................................................. 6 2.1 Artisanal fisheries in Nigeria .......................................................................................................... 6 2.1.1. Fish Diversity in Inland Water of Nigeria............................................................................... 7 2.1.2 Classification of craft and gear in inland water of Nigeria ..................................................... 8 2.1.3 Livelihood strategies of fishermen in Kainji Lake ................................................................... 9 2.2 Fisheries survey ............................................................................................................................ 10 2.2.1 Survey standard and sampling survey .................................................................................... 10 2.2.2 Frame survey and catch assessment survey ........................................................................... 10 2.3 Methods of data collection in a fishery ......................................................................................... 11 2.4 The problem of data collection ..................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................................................... 14 3.0 Materials and Methods .................................................................................................................. 14 3.1 The Study Area ............................................................................................................................. 14 3.2 Sampling procedure ...................................................................................................................... 14 3.3 Data collection ............................................................................................................................... 15 3.4 Interview process and methods ..................................................................................................... 17 3.5 Data analysis ................................................................................................................................. 19 3.5.1 Multivariate data analysis ...................................................................................................... 20 VI CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................................................................... 22 4.0 Result ............................................................................................................................................ 22 4.1 Description of fishing gear and craft used in lower basin, Kainji Lake ........................................ 22 4.1.1 Socio-economic characteristics of the fishers ........................................................................ 25 4.1.2 Species composition and fisher‟s preference in Kainji Lake lower Basin ............................. 27 4.1.3 Fishing effort, Marketing and Income ................................................................................... 28 4.2 Individual respondent analysis ...................................................................................................... 30 4.2.1 Fisher‟s socio-economic features with organization membership ......................................... 31 4.2.2 Gear use and social features relationship ............................................................................... 32 4.2.3 Targeted species and gear types association .......................................................................... 34 4.2.4 Gear and craft propulsion relationship ................................................................................... 36 4.2.5 Gear use, input factors and economic output relationship ..................................................... 38 4.2.6 Craft propulsion, Input factors and Output factor .................................................................. 40 4.3 Challenges identified by the fishers .................................................................................................. 41 4.4 Fisheries Trends according to the Maigari ................................................................................... 42 CHAPTER FIVE ............................................................................................................................................. 44 5.0 Discussion ..................................................................................................................................... 44 5.1 Fishing gear and craft .................................................................................................................... 44 5.2 Gear types and Socio-economic Characteristics of fishers ............................................................. 46 5.3 Fishing Gear and Craft Selection .................................................................................................. 47 5.4 Species Diversity in Kainji Lake lower Basin .............................................................................. 48 5.5 Fishers Level of income ................................................................................................................ 50 5.6 Marketing Network ....................................................................................................................... 51 5.7 Status of the Fisheries ................................................................................................................... 52 CHAPTER SIX ................................................................................................................................................ 54 6.1 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 54 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 56 APPENDICES ................................................................................................................................................ 67 VII LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Socio-economic characteristics of the respondents and relationship with the use of gear and craft in the lower basin of Kainji Lake, Nigeria ..................................................................... 26 Table 2: Challenges facing fishers and Fisheries management practice in the study area ........... 42 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Map of Nigeria with blue line showing the State where Artisanal Fisheries takes place (Adapted from Mustapha, 2013). Kainji Lake, in western central Nigeria, is marked. .................. 7 Figure 2: Map of Kainji Lake showing location of fishing villages visited (12 small black squares) Map adapted from (FAO, 1995). .................................................................................... 17 Figure 3: Type of gear found in Kainji Lake lower basin, Nigeria (n=60) ................................... 22 Figure 4: Number of gear per fisher in Kainji Lake lower basin (n=60) ...................................... 23 Figure 5: Craft owned by the fishers at Kainji Lake lower basin, Nigeria (n=60) ....................... 24 Figure 6: Fishers perspective towards craft‟s durability (years) at Kainji Lake lower basin (n=60). ........................................................................................................................................... 25 Figure 7: Educational qualification of fishers in the lower basin of Kainji Lake (n=60). ............ 27 Figure 8: Fishers perception towards frequently, abundance and preferred species in Kainji lake lower basin .................................................................................................................................... 28 Figure 9: Fishing hours spent per day fishing (n= 60). ................................................................. 29 Figure 10: Market distribution channels for fishers in Kainji Lake lower basin Nigeria (n=60). 29 Figure 11: Distribution of the weekly income among the respondents in Kainji Lake lower basin (units in x-axis, ₦‟000:00k). Note: Current Exchange rate 1.00 USD = 161.800 NGN where NGN is Nigerian naira. ................................................................................................................. 30 Figure 12: A triplot of PCA, accounting for socio-economic characteristics of the fishers in Kainji Lake lower basin with organization membership. ............................................................. 32 Figure 13: A triplot of PCA, of the gear use and main social-economic characteristics of fishers in Kainji Lake lower basin. ........................................................................................................... 34 VIII