7 Surplus Arms in South America A Survey By Aaron Karp A Working Paper of the Small Arms Survey Copyright Published in Switzerland by the Small Arms Survey © Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva 2009 First published in August 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the Small Arms Survey, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organi- zation. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Publications Manager, Small Arms Survey, at the address below. Small Arms Survey Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies 47 Avenue Blanc, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Copyedited by Tania Inowlocki Proofread by Donald Strachan Typeset in Optima and Palatino by Richard Jones ([email protected]), Exile: Design & Editorial Services Cartography by MAPgrafix Printed by coprint in Geneva, Switzerland ISBN 978-2-940415-18-2 2 Small Arms Survey Working Paper 7 Karp Surplus Arms in South America 3 The Small Arms Survey The Small Arms Survey is an independent research project located at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva, Swit- zerland. Established in 1999, the project is supported by the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, and by sustained contributions from the Gov- ernments of Belgium, Canada, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The Survey is also grateful for past and current project support received from the Governments of Australia, Denmark, France, New Zealand, Spain, and the United States, as well as from different United Nations agencies, programmes, and institutes. The objectives of the Small Arms Survey are: to be the principal source of public information on all aspects of small arms and armed violence; to serve as a resource centre for governments, policy-makers, researchers, and activ- ists; to monitor national and international initiatives (governmental and non- governmental) on small arms; to support efforts to address the effects of small arms proliferation and misuse; and to act as a clearinghouse for the sharing of information and the dissemination of best practices. The Survey also spon- sors field research and information-gathering efforts, especially in affected states and regions. The project has an international staff with expertise in security studies, political science, law, economics, development studies, and sociology, and collaborates with a network of researchers, partner institutions, non-governmental organizations, and governments in more than 50 countries. Small Arms Survey Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies 47 Avenue Blanc, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland p +41 22 908 5777 f +41 22 732 2738 e [email protected] w www.smallarmssurvey.org 2 Small Arms Survey Working Paper 7 Karp Surplus Arms in South America 3 Occasional Papers 1 Re-Armament in Sierra Leone: One Year after the Lomé Peace Agreement, by Eric Berman, December 2000 2 Removing Small Arms from Society: A Review of Weapons Collection and Destruction Programmes, by Sami Faltas, Glenn McDonald, and Camilla Waszink, July 2001 3 Legal Controls on Small Arms and Light Weapons in Southeast Asia, by Katherine Kramer (with Nonviolence International Southeast Asia), July 2001 4 Shining a Light on Small Arms Exports: The Record of State Transparency, by Maria Haug, Martin Langvandslien, Lora Lumpe, and Nic Marsh (with NISAT), January 2002 5 Stray Bullets: The Impact of Small Arms Misuse in Central America, by William Godnick, with Robert Muggah and Camilla Waszink, November 2002 6 Politics from the Barrel of a Gun: Small Arms Proliferation and Conflict in the Republic of Georgia, by Spyros Demetriou, November 2002 7 Making Global Public Policy: The Case of Small Arms and Light Weapons, by Edward Laurance and Rachel Stohl, December 2002 8 Small Arms in the Pacific, by Philip Alpers and Conor Twyford, March 2003 9 Demand, Stockpiles, and Social Controls: Small Arms in Yemen, by Derek B. 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Grillot, Wolf-Christian Paes, Hans Risser, and Shelly O. Stoneman, commissioned by United Nations Development Programme, and co-published by the Bonn International Center for Conversion, SEESAC in Belgrade, and the Small Arms Survey, June 2004, ISBN 2-8288-0056-3 5 Gun-running in Papua New Guinea: From Arrows to Assault Weapons in the Southern Highlands, by Philip Alpers, June 2005, ISBN 2-8288-0062-8 6 La République Centrafricaine: Une étude de cas sur les armes légères et les conflits, by Eric G. Berman, published with financial support from UNDP, July 2006, ISBN 2-8288-0073-3 7 Small Arms in Burundi: Disarming the Civilian Population in Peacetime (Les armes légères au Burundi: après la paix, le défi du désarmement civil), by Stéphanie Pézard and Nicolas Florquin, co-published with Ligue Iteka with support from UNDP–Burundi and Oxfam–NOVIB, in English and French, ISBN 2-8288-0080-6 8 Quoi de neuf sur le front congolais?Evaluation de base sur la circulation des armes légères et de petit calibre en République du Congo, by Robert Muggah and Ryan Nichols, published with UNDP–Republic of Congo, December 2007, ISBN 2-8288-0089-X 6 Small Arms Survey Working Paper 7 Karp Surplus Arms in South America 7 9 Small Arms in Rio de Janeiro: The Guns, the Buyback, and the Victims, by Pablo Dreyfus, Luis Eduardo Guedes, Ben Lessing, Antônio Rangel Bandeira, Marcelo de Sousa Nascimento, and Patricia Silveira Rivero, a study by the Small Arms Survey, Viva Rio, and ISER, December 2008, ISBN 2-8288-0102-0 10 Firearm-related Violence in Mozambique, a joint publication of the Ministry of the Interior of Mozambique, the World Health Organization—Mozambique, and the Small Arms Survey, June 2009, ISBN 978-2-940415-14-4 6 Small Arms Survey Working Paper 7 Karp Surplus Arms in South America 7 Book Series Armed and Aimless: Armed Groups, Guns, and Human Security in the ECOWAS Region, edited by Nicolas Florquin and Eric G. Berman, May 2005, ISBN 2-8288-0063-6 Armés mais désoeuvrés: groupes armés, armes légères et sécurité humaine dans la région de la CEDEAO, edited by Nicolas Florquin and Eric Berman, co-published with GRIP, March 2006, ISBN 2-87291-023-9 Targeting Ammunition: A Primer, edited by Stéphanie Pézard and Holger Anders, co-published with CICS, GRIP, SEESAC, and Viva Rio, June 2006, ISBN 2-8288-0072-5 No Refuge: The Crisis of Refugee Militarization in Africa, edited by Robert Muggah, co-published with BICC, published by Zed Books, July 2006, ISBN 1-84277-789-0 Conventional Ammunition in Surplus: A Reference Guide, edited by James Bevan, published in cooperation with BICC, FAS, GRIP, and SEESAC, January 2008, ISBN 2-8288-0092-X Ammunition Tracing Kit: Protocols and Procedures for Recording Small-calibre Ammunition, developed by James Bevan, June 2008, ISBN 2-8288-0097-0 The Central African Republic and Small Arms: A Regional Tinderbox, by Eric G. Berman with Louisa N. Lombard, December 2008, ISBN 2-8288-0103-9 8 Small Arms Survey Working Paper 7 Karp Surplus Arms in South America 9 Contents List of tables 10 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... About the author 11 ....................................................................................................................................................................................... Acknowledgements 12 .............................................................................................................................................................................. Map of South America 13 ...................................................................................................................................................................... Methodology 14 .................................................................................................................................................................................................... Overview 15 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Summary recommendations 15 ..................................................................................................................................................... Summary findings 16 ................................................................................................................................................................................. MANPADS in South America 25 ............................................................................................................................................ Country summaries 26 .............................................................................................................................................................................. Argentina 26 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... Bolivia 29 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Brazil 31 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Chile 34 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Colombia 36 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. Ecuador 40 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Guyana 43 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. Paraguay 45 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ Peru 48 ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Suriname 51 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ Uruguay 53 .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. Venezuela 56 ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... References 59 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 8 Small Arms Survey Working Paper 7 Karp Surplus Arms in South America 9 List of tables Table 1 Estimated South American military small arms and surpluses, 2007 Table 2 Estimated South American military small arms, requirements, and surpluses, by country and service Table 3 Publicly reported South American MANPADS Table 4 Estimated total small arms, firearms, and surpluses in Argentina, rounded Table 5 Publicly reported Argentine MANPADS Table 6 Estimated total small arms, firearms, and surpluses in Bolivia, rounded Table 7 Estimated total small arms, firearms, and surpluses in Brazil, rounded Table 8 Estimated total small arms, firearms, and surpluses in Chile, rounded Table 9 Estimated total small arms, firearms, and surpluses in Colombia, rounded Table 10 Estimated total small arms, firearms, and surpluses in Ecuador, rounded Table 11 Publicly reported Ecuadorean MANPADS Table 12 Estimated total small arms, firearms, and surpluses in Guyana, rounded Table 13 Estimated total small arms, firearms, and surpluses in Paraguay, rounded Table 14 Estimated total small arms, firearms, and surpluses in Peru, rounded Table 15 Publicly reported Peruvian MANPADS Table 16 Estimated total small arms, firearms, and surpluses in Suriname, rounded Table 17 Estimated total small arms, firearms, and surpluses in Uruguay, rounded Table 18 Estimated total small arms, firearms, and surpluses in Venezuela, rounded 10 Small Arms Survey Working Paper 7 Karp Surplus Arms in South America 11