Surgical Oncology Manual Frances C. Wright Jaime M. Escallon Moises Cukier Melanie E. Tsang Usmaan Hameed Editors Third Edition 123 Surgical Oncology Manual Frances C. Wright • Jaime M. Escallon Moises Cukier • Melanie E. Tsang Usmaan Hameed Editors Surgical Oncology Manual Third Edition Editors Frances C. Wright Jaime M. Escallon Department of Surgery Department of Surgery University of Toronto University of Toronto Toronto, ON Toronto, ON Canada Canada Moises Cukier Melanie E. Tsang Department of Surgery Department of Surgery University of Toronto University of Toronto Toronto, ON Toronto, ON Canada Canada Usmaan Hameed Department of Surgery University of Toronto Toronto, ON Canada Originally published by the Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Canada (March 25, 2013) ISBN 978-3-030-48362-3 ISBN 978-3-030-48363-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48363-0 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface Dear Colleagues, I am delighted to present the third edition of The University of Toronto Surgical Oncology Manual. This is a collaborative work between the breast, general surgical oncology, hepatopancreatobiliary- transplant and minimally invasive fellowship programmes at the University of Toronto as well as our colleagues in medical oncol- ogy, radiation oncology, plastic surgery, thoracic surgery, interventional radiology, dermatology, geriatrics and pathology. The manual represents a concise, usable and practical manual for the busy resi- dent, fellow and staff looking for the latest information on cancers that are treated surgically. Although the focus of this manual is surgical treatment of cancers, we have also included discussion of systemic and radiation treatments and how these treatments interact with surgery as well as non-surgical loco-regional therapies administered by surgeons as it reflects our current practice. For this particular edition, we have introduced three new chapters: geriatric sur- gical oncology, which will be an increasingly large focus of our practice, oesopha- geal cancer and malignancy of unknown primary. I am truly grateful for the many hours of work all present and past authors and editors have put into both this current edition as well as previous editions. Thank you to all for all your efforts. With Thanks, Toronto, ON, Canada Frances C. Wright, MD, Med, FRCSC MD, Med, FRCSC v Acknowledgement To all fellows and staff for their invaluable contribution. To the General Surgery Oncology Fellowship Program for their financial support. The Editors would also like to acknowledge with thanks the following individu- als who have kindly granted us permission for the use of material in this publication: Previous Fellows Dan Charlton Juan Camilo Correa Gareth Eeson Mai Kim Gervais Trevor Hamilton Usmaan Hameed Jessica Maxwell Andrea MacNeill Vanessa Palter Jennifer Racz Amanda Roberts Koji Tomiyama Amelie Tremblay Previous Authors Martin Blackstein Zane Cohen Bernard Cummings Paul Karanicolas Peter Kim Robin McLeod Paul Ridgway Corwyn Rowsell vii Contents 1 Tumors of the Adrenal Gland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Moska Hamidi, Michail N. Mavros, Karen Devon, Girish S. Kulkarni, Calvin H. L. Law, David R. Urbach, Julie Hallet, and Jesse D. Pasternak 2 Ampullary Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Lawrence Lau, Nicholas Latchana, Shiva Jayaraman, Sean Cleary, and Carol-anne E. Moulton 3 Anal Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Tyler R. Chesney, Edward Weiss, Monika K. Krzyzanowska, Ali Hosni, James Brierley, and Alexandra M. Easson 4 Breast Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 David W. Lim, Lu Yin, Janice R. Mulcahy, Naama Hermann, Hyeyoun (Elise) Min, Jean-Francois Boileau, Mark Corrigan, Tulin Cil, Alexandra M. Easson, Jaime M. Escallon, Ralph George, Claire Holloway, Joan E. Lipa, and David R. McCready 5 Cholangiocarcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Nicholas Latchana, Sean Cleary, and Carol-anne E. Moulton 6 Colon Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Sepehr Khorasani, Aman Pooni, Usmaan Hameed, Robert Gryfe, Shady Ashamalla, Fayez A. Quereshy, and Nancy N. Baxter 7 Colorectal Liver Metastases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Michail N. Mavros, Shiva Jayaraman, Melanie E. Tsang, Paul J. Karanicolas, and Alice C. Wei 8 Desmoid Fibromatosis and Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans . . . . . 147 Ricky Jrearz, Samir Fasih, Brendan C. Dickson, Abha A. Gupta, and Rebecca A. Gladdy 9 Esophageal Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Nicolas Devaud, Vaibhav Gupta, Eran Shlomovitz, Jonathan C. Yeung, Michael Ko, and Gail Darling ix x Contents 10 Gallbladder Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Nicolas Devaud, Natalie G. Coburn, and Melanie E. Tsang 11 Gastric Adenocarcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Mohammadali Khorasani, Savtaj S. Brar, and Natalie G. Coburn 12 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Dario Callegaro, Richard Kirsch, Albiruni R. Abdul Razak, Fayez A. Quereshy, and Carol J. Swallow 13 Geriatric Surgical Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Tyler R. Chesney, Naser AlQurini, and Shabbir M. H. Alibhai 14 Hepatocellular Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Blayne Amir Sayed, Shiva Jayaraman, Calvin H. L. Law, Alice C. Wei, Paul D. Greig, and Gonzalo Sapisochin 15 Malignancy of Unknown Primary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Jessica Bogach, Christine Elser, and Savtaj S. Brar 16 Melanoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Andrea M. Covelli, Hyeyoun (Elise) Min, David R. McCready, Nicole J. Look Hong, Joan E. Lipa, Teresa M. Petrella, and Frances C. Wright 17 Merkel Cell Carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Andrea M. Covelli, Anthony M. Joshua, Joan E. Lipa, Marcus O. Butler, Laura Snell, Alexander Sun, and Frances C. Wright 18 Neuroendocrine Tumors (Gastroenteropancreatic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Mohammadali Khorasani, Calvin H. L. Law, Sten Myrehaug, Simron Singh, Angela Assal, Eugene Hsieh, Moises Cukier, and Julie Hallet 19 Non-melanoma Skin Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 David W. Lim, Lu Yin, Jennifer M. Racz, Anthony Michael Joshua, Wadid W. K. Abadir, Marcus O. Butler, Joan E. Lipa, Alexander Sun, and Frances C. Wright 20 Palliative Surgical Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 Erin M. Sadler, Anand Govindarajan, Lucy K. Helyer, and Alexandra M. Easson 21 Adenocarcinoma of the Pancreas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 Christopher R. Shubert, Carol-anne E. Moulton, Ali Hosni, Grainne M. O’Kane, and Steven Gallinger 22 Peritoneal Surface Malignancies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 Jessica Bogach, Andrea McCart, Danielle Bischof, and Anand Govindarajan Contents xi 23 Rectal Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 Ricky Jrearz, Shady Ashamalla, Marcus J. Burnstein, William Chu, Erin Kennedy, and Peter K. Stotland 24 Retroperitoneal and Extremity Soft Tissue Sarcomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 Dario Callegaro, Samir Fasih, Charles Catton, Brendan C. Dickson, Peter C. Ferguson, Abha A. Gupta, and Rebecca A. Gladdy 25 Tumors of the Thyroid Gland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 Moska Hamidi, Karen Devon, Lorne Rotstein, and Jesse D. Pasternak Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515 Contributors Wadid W. K. Abadir Department of Dermatology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Albiruni  R.  Abdul  Razak Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Shabbir M. H. Alibhai Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada Naser  AlQurini Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Shady  Ashamalla Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Angela Assal Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Nancy  N.  Baxter Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Danielle  Bischof Department of Surgery, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada Jessica  Bogach General Surgical Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Jean-Francois Boileau Department of Surgery, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada Savtaj S. Brar Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada xiii