Surface Design: Applications in Bioscience and Nanotechnology Edited by Renate Förch WILEY-VCH Holger Schönherr A. Tobias A. Jenkins Surface Design: Applications in Bioscience and Nanotechnology Edited by Renate Fçrch, Holger Schçnherr, and A. Tobias A. Jenkins Related Titles H.-J. Butt, K. Graf, M. Kappl Physics and Chemistry of Interfaces ISBN: 978-3-527-40413-1 C. S. S. R. Kumar (Ed.) Nanotechnologies for the Life Sciences 10 Volume Set ISBN: 978-3-527-31301-3 K. Wandelt (Ed.) Surface and Interface Science Volume 5: Nanostructures and Quantum Phenomena ISBN: 978-3-527-40689-0 Volume 6: Solid/Liquid and Biologiacal Interfaces ISBN: 978-3-527-40499-5 Volume 7: Applications of Surface Science ISBN: 978-3-527-40500-8 D. S. Goodsell Bionanotechnology Lessons from Nature ISBN: 978-0-471-41719-4 C.M. Niemeyer, C. A. Mirkin (Eds.) Nanobiotechnology Concepts, Applications and Perspectives ISBN: 978-3-527-30658-9 Surface Design: Applications in Bioscience and Nanotechnology Edited by Renate Fçrch, Holger Schçnherr, and A. Tobias A. Jenkins The Editors & All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and Dr. Renate Fçrch publisher do not warrant the information contained Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research in these books, including this book, to be free of Mainz, Germany errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or Prof. Dr. Holger Schçnherr other items may inadvertently be inaccurate. University of Siegen Department of Physical Chemistry Library of Congress Card No.: applied for Siegen, Germany British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Dr. A. Tobias A. Jenkins A catalogue record for this book is available University of Bath from the British Library. Department of Chemistry Bath, United Kingdom Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law. Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany Printed on acid-free paper Typesetting Kühn & Weyh, Satz und Medien, Freiburg Printing Strauss GmbH, Mçrlenbach Bookbinding Litges & Dopf Buchbinderei GmbH, Heppenheim ISBN: 978-3-527-40789-7 V Foreword Thomas S. Kuhn’s theory of scientific revolution became a landmark in the intel- lectual history of the twentieth century. He wrote in his 1962 book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions’ that science was not a steady, cumulative acquisition of facts and knowledge but rather a series of peaceful interludes punctuated by intel- lectually violent revolutions.’ During those revolutions, he wrote, one conceptual world view is replaced by another’ and this takes place when, within the hereto existing paradigms, scientists cannot account for new findings any longer. Such paradigm shifts, as it has been suggested, are currently underway in polymer science. On the foundations of polymer science new fields like macromolecular nanotechnology, and biomacromolecular science are emerging and the rapidly changing intellectual circumstances and technical possibilities are rewriting the science of soft matter. This volume is a typical product reflecting this changing scientific landscape and paradigm shift. In 1998, facilitated by a joint Ph.D. student, we decided that we should have joint 2–3-day long group work meetings to take place, alternately, in Mainz at the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research (MPI), and in Enschede, in the Nether- + lands, at the University of Twente, recently in the MESA Institute for Nanotech- nology. To date, another eleven meetings followed this first one, more or less on an annual basis. With the appointment of Toby Jenkins at the University of Bath the originally bipolar venue became a triangle and the Mainz–Twente–Bath work- shop series, or MTB Seminars as we call them today, was born. The lectures are usually offered by graduate students and postdoctoral scientists, and we occasion- ally combine these with guest lectures offered by more senior colleagues who just happened to be around visiting, or were encouraged to join from other groups. These guest’ groups initially included the departments of David Reinhoudt and Jan Feijen from Twente. Beyond the reach of bureaucrats (we have never received any funding to finance the costs, which were always covered by our regular research grants, ensuring intellectual independence) a tremendous, dynamic and intellectually highly challenging discussion seminar series was born, which com- bined the more fundamental surface–biointerface interests of the Knoll group at MPI with the midstream’ platform work of the Vancso group backed up by engi- + neering in MESA and the biologically tinted work of the Jenkins group in Bath. VI Foreword As this seminar series, in a way, paralleled the paradigm shift in polymer science, we all thought that it would be useful to share some major topics in the form of a book with interested readers. Once asked what would be the most fitting name for the MTB series, Toby Jen- kins’ immediate reply was: Designer Surfaces’, which certainly influenced the title of this monograph. In this volume the reader finds a collection of chapters in which we give a representative account of the topics covered during MTB meet- ings in their most recent editions’. We believe that these chapters should be use- ful for all those readers, who are interested in receiving a (somewhat biased) cross-section of the field of surface design and engineering’ primarily for bioma- terial and life-science applications. We complemented the book with tutorial reviews focusing on selected fundamentals that – we all believe – would be useful to follow the more specialized chapters and may help graduate students and new- comers to this field. The tutorial section is followed by four blocks of chapters. First, designer concepts of functional, engineered polymer surfaces and interfaces as platforms are described; and on this basis, via selected representative examples, their applications in sensing are treated. The next block deals with nanoparticles and containers, which can be conceptually considered as efforts aimed at engi- neering soft matter towards the third dimension, from surfaces via interfaces, towards a full three-dimensional (3D) control. Current interest focuses on the design, fabrication and applications of full 3D systems and it is a clichØ to say that the development of this area is still in its early stages. All these topics would be unimaginable without sophisticated tools like scanning probe microscopy and plasmonic devices; hence the last block of chapters is devoted to analysis tech- niques. The book is then completed with a glossary of surface analytical tools. We can ask ourselves what might we expect in the future? Looking forward, the possibilities are tremendous. We expect scientific progress in areas like solving the protein-folding problem, providing designer principles for artificial–biological interphases with controlled protein fouling, scaffolds for tissue engineering, and concepts for assembling working machines powered and controlled by molecular motors. We expect to make progress towards the full control of three-dimensional functional designer structures. These should exhibit a carefully assembled struc- tural architecture to serve functions in devices like ultrafast molecular computing, photonics, and sensing; in (nano)medicine and biomaterials, foodstuff, and ener- gy production. Of course, this list is by no means complete. We will look at Nature for inspiration, and for guiding principles as we proceed along this road, satisfy- ing our scientific curiosity and providing things for use. It is a great pleasure to close this foreword with some acknowledgements. Of course, our contributions to the MTB seminars and to this book have been primar- ily facilitating, encouraging, providing the logistics, and perhaps here and there steering the discussions. We have always strongly emphasized the importance of interactions among graduate students and young scientists, and never begrudged any support, financial or other, for mutual visits and joint experiments. After all, success and progress depends on those who do the work, that is, on our graduate students and postdocs. Results of these collaborations are described in countless Foreword VII joint papers. New friendships were born, and old ones became stronger during the social parts of the MTB seminars, which took place in boats on the River Avon in Bath, during bowling and barbecues in Twente, in British pubs and bars, in Bierhallen’ in Mainz and in castles along the Rhein river. This has been a great time and we look forward to the continuation. Due to changes in personal circum- stances venues and participating parties may change but there is one thing for sure that will not change, that is our enthusiasm and support for this seminar series. The book the reader holds in his/her hands would not have been possible without the tireless and great contributions of the three editors, Renate Fçrch from Mainz, Holger Schçnherr from Twente, and Toby Jenkins from Bath. Renate, Holger, Toby, thank you very much. Wolfgang Knoll G. Julius Vancso