UmberBinIbadisAssociateProfessorintheHistoryDepartmentat Forman Christian College University, Lahore, and was previously an HonoraryResearchFellowintheSchoolofSocialSciences,University of Manchester. He is Associate Editor for The Pakistan Journal of Historical Studies and has published in The Historian and the Pakistan Journal of Islamic Research. ‘This is the first study to directly address the relationship between the state and Sufi shrines in Pakistan. It makes an original contribution to the field of Sufism Studies and, by examining the relationship between the state and religion, is relevant far beyond the cases of both of Islam and Pakistan.’ – Michel Boivin, Director Elect of the Centre for South Asian Studies, French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) and School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (EHESS) Islamic South Asia Series Series Editor Ruby Lal, Emory University Advisory Board Iftikhar Dadi, Cornell University Stephen F. Dale, Ohio State University Rukhsana David, Kinnaird College for Women Michael Fisher, Oberlin College Marcus Fraser, Fitzwilliam Museum Ebba Koch, University of Vienna David Lewis, London School of Economics Francis Robinson, Royal Holloway, University of London Ron Sela, Indiana University Bloomington Willem van Schendel, University of Amsterdam Titles Sexual and Gender Diversity in the Muslim World: History, Law and Vernacular Knowledge, Vanja Hamzic TheArchitectureofaDeccanSultanate:CourtlyPracticeandRoyalAuthority in Late Medieval India, Pushkar Sohoni SUFI SHRINES AND THE PAKISTANI STATE The End of Religious Pluralism U B I MBER IN BAD Publishedin2019by I.B.Tauris&Co.Ltd London(cid:129)NewYork www.ibtauris.com Copyrightq2019UmberBinIbad TherightUmberBinIbadtobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenasserted bytheauthorinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Exceptforbriefquotationsinareview,thisbook,oranypartthereof, maynotbereproduced,storedinorintroducedintoaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted, inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingor otherwise,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher. Everyattempthasbeenmadetogainpermissionfortheuseoftheimages inthisbook.Anyomissionswillberectifiedinfutureeditions. Referencestowebsiteswerecorrectatthetimeofwriting. LibraryofIslamicSouthAsia3 ISBN:9781788311816 eISBN:9781786725479 ePDF:9781786735478 AfullCIPrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary AfullCIPrecordisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber:available TypesetinGaramondThreebyOKSPrepressServices,Chennai,India PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyT.J.International,Padstow,Cornwall To my family and friends CONTENTS List of Tables x Acknowledgements xii Introduction 1 1. The Colonial State and Shrines 15 2. Double-Reterritorialisation: Drifting Towards the Nationalisation of Shrines 38 3. Legality, Judicial Processes and Waqf: ATransition from Moral to Total Control of Shrines 69 4. The Post-Colonial State, Shrines and the Auqaf Department 104 5. Developing and Redefining Shrines in the Post-Zia Period 130 Conclusion 162 Appendix 168 Notes 186 Bibliography 231 Index 243