SEAN CONNOLLY ©2008Rourke Publishing LLC All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the publisher. www.rourkepublishing.com PHOTO CREDITS: p. 18-19: Bettmann/Corbis; p. 12-13: Robert Caputo/Getty Images; p. 22-23, 31: Eskinder Debebe/UN Photo; p. 9: Sylvain Grandadam/Getty Images; p. 16: Hulton Archive/Getty Images; pp. 11, 14, 17, 20: Library of Congress; p. 10: Benjamin Lowy/Corbis; p. 39: Peter Macdiarmid/Getty Images; p. 25: Francoise de Mulder/Corbis; p. 42: Fred Naz/UN Photo; pp. 7, 36-37: Scott Nelson/Getty Images; p. 26: Jehad Nga/Corbis; p. 27: Morteza Nikeubazi/Reuters/Corbis; p. 32: Antony Njuguna/Reuters/Corbis; p.5: Jean Nordmann/istockphoto.com; p. 29: S. Peterson/Liaison Agency/Getty Images; p. 40: Refugees International; p. 34: Evan Schneider/UN Photo; p. 41: H.C. Stikkel/U.S. Department of Defense; p. 28: U.S. Department of Defense; p. 15: Khoo Eng Yow/istockphoto.com. Cover pictureshows homeless Sudanese people, forced to live in refugee camps [Eskinder Debebe/UN Photo]. Produced for Rourke Publishing by Discovery Books Editors: GeoffBarker, Amy Bauman, James Nixon Designer: Keith Williams Photo researcher: Rachel Tisdale Libraryof Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Connolly,Sean, 1956- Sudan / Sean Connolly. p. cm. -- (Countries in crisis) Includes index. ISBN 978-1-60044-618-4 1. Sudan--History--Juvenile literature. I. Title. DT155.4.C66 2008 962.4--dc22 2007020679 Printed in the USA CONTENTS Chapter 1: Conflict and Hunger 4 Chapter 2: Old Divisions 8 Chapter 3: Birth Pains 14 Chapter 4: Civil Wars and Terror 22 Chapter 5: Uncertain Peace 30 Chapter 6: Darfur and Beyond 36 Timeline 43 Sudan Fact File 44 Glossary 46 Further Information 47 Index 48 3 CHAPTER ONE Conflict and Hunger Families struggle across a dry Suddenly, a group of men gallops and dusty landscape. Mothers past the walkers. They fire guns as carry tiny babies. Skinny children they ride. Several of the refugees fall walk beside them in the dirt. dead. Others are wounded. Men carry a few belongings. Children and babies cry with fear. These families are refugees. The men ride off into the darkness. They have been driven from their villages by armed men riding Hungry people wait patiently for a portion of food aid in Sudan’s horses and camels. Darfur region. 4 WHAT IS A FAMINE? A big problem facing western Sudan is famine. A famine is This young girl is among the hundreds of thousands of people more serious—and deadlier— who have lost their homes because than a food shortage. A famine of fighting in Sudan. may last months or even years. 5 COUNTRIES IN CRISIS CONFLICT AND HUNGER CYCLES OF VIOLENCE This terrible scene is typical of life Millions have fled. Those who stay in Darfur. Darfur is a region in in their homes face terrible hunger. western Sudan. For more than The violence seems to have no three years, the people have end. Sudan’s government refuses to suffered awful violence. The Sudan let peacekeeping soldiers into government supports the armed Darfur. And all of this is happening riders who sweep into Darfur, in a country that already had destroy villages, and drive people nearly fifty years of civil war. from their homes. Hundreds of Darfur’s new violence began just as thousands of people have died. that war finally ended. LIFE IN DARFUR Throughout Darfur. . .villages have been bombed and their inhabitants killed, raped and forced into government-run concentration camps. . . agencies have been denied access to most of the displaced. Some people, though near starvation, are refusing aid for fear of retribution [punishment]. New York Times Op-Ed page 6 Cooking pots are all that remain of a burned-out house in the village of Chero Kasi, after armed horsemen attacked in September 2004. 7 CHAPTER TWO Old Divisions Sudan is the largest country in the south. The south is also the Africa. It is found between wettest part of Sudan. Parts of it tropical central Africa and dry are thick rain forest. The Nile River North Africa. Most of the country is probably Sudan’s most important lies on a dry, flat, dusty plain. feature. This is the world’s largest Mountains rise up in the west and river. Two branches of it meet at Khartoum, Sudan’s capital. WHERE IS SUDAN? EGYPT LIBYA er SAUDI v ARABIA Ri e Port Red liN Sudan Sea SUDAN is Merowe in Africa Atbara At b ar a Omdurman KHARTOUM R ERITREA YEMEN Darfur SUDAN Blue iver CHAD Geneina Kosti Nile River W h ite ETHIOPIA CENTRAL Nile N AFRICAN REPUBLIC Riv e r km W E 0 300 Nimule S 0 300 miles ZAIRE UGANDA KENYA 8