Success in Academic Surgery Melina R. Kibbe Scott A. LeMaire Editors Success in Academic Surgery: Basic Science Success in Academic Surgery Melina R. Kibbe (cid:129) Scott A. LeMaire Editors Success in Academic Surgery: Basic Science Editors Melina R. Kibbe , MD Scott A. LeMaire , MD Department of Surgery Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery Northwestern University Baylor College of Medicine Chicago Houston IL TX USA USA Peripheral Vascular Surgery Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Jesse Brown VA Medical Center Texas Heart Institute Chicago St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital IL Houston USA TX USA ISBN 978-1-4471-4735-0 ISBN 978-1-4471-4736-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4471-4736-7 Springer London Heidelberg New York Dordrecht Library of Congress Control Number: 2013946879 © Springer-Verlag London 2014 This work is subject to copyright. 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Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Pref ace The mission of the Association for Academic Surgery (AAS) is to provide opportu- nities to aspiring surgeon scientists so that they can conduct important research and achieve their career goals [1]. Because education is a key component of this mis- sion, the AAS leads several programs designed to teach young surgeons about sur- gical research and career development. In addition to organizing educational sessions at the annual Academic Surgical Congress in collaboration with the Society of University Surgeons, the AAS teaches surgical trainees and junior faculty the fundamentals of surgical research and academic career development at our annual Fall Courses. Building on the success of these courses in the United States, the AAS has partnered with international surgical organizations to conduct similar courses in Africa, Australasia, South America, Europe, and Asia [2–4]. In 2012, to further expand the reach of our educational effort, our current president, Dr. Lillian Kao, and past president, Dr. Herb Chen, published the fi rst volume of Success in Academic Surgery, a new series of textbooks that aims to provide comprehensive authoritative information that will help young investigators build their research expertise and develop their academic programs [5]. Following the successful launch of the series with a broad introduction to key concepts in surgical research and pro- gram development, the AAS is now releasing four additional volumes, each of which provides in-depth coverage of a different type of research. In addition to the current volume covering basic science research, there are three separate new text- books available focusing on clinical trials, health services research, and education research. This book begins with several chapters that provide specifi c details about get- ting started in basic science research. In these fi rst few chapters, readers will gain perspective on how to set up and run a laboratory, how to choose an effective men- tor, how to manage time to maximize productivity, how to develop hypotheses and design related experiments, and how to maintain a laboratory notebook. The next set of chapters covers details about specifi c experimental approaches and tech- niques, including cell culture; assessment of DNA, RNA, and proteins; fl ow cytom- etry; immunohistochemistry; stem cell studies; and knockout and transgenic mouse models. The book concludes with a set of chapters that discuss several key practical v vi Preface issues in basic science research. The topics covered in the fi nal section provide advice about getting institutional approval for animal protocols, protecting intel- lectual property, performing statistical analysis, and considering pertinent ethical issues. We wish to thank the series editors, Drs. Kao and Chen, for giving us the oppor- tunity to develop the basic science volume. Further, we are extremely grateful to the contributing authors for taking the time to share their expertise in clearly written chapters that are current and concise. We also appreciate the invaluable assistance of Flora Kim, the developmental editor at Springer who worked tirelessly through- out the publication process to keep the project on track and ensure that the quality of the fi nal product exceeded expectations. In closing, we wish you every success in your academic career and sincerely hope that the information in this book will help you design and complete basic sci- ence projects that will advance the fi eld of surgical science and improve the treat- ment of patients with surgical disease. IL, USA Melina R. Kibbe, MD TX, USA Scott A. LeMaire, MD References 1. LeMaire SA. Association for Academic Surgery presidential address: toward self-actualization in academic surgery. J Surg Res. 2012;178:1. 2. Nadler EP, Nwomeh BC, Frederick WA, et al. Academic needs in developing countries: a survey of the West African College of Surgeons. J Surg Res. 2010;160:14. 3. Nadler EP, Krishnaswami S, Brundage SI, et al. Assessing the effi cacy of the fundamentals of research and career development course overseas. J Surg Res. 2010;163:197. 4. Hanney RM, Hill AG, LeMaire SA, et al. Developing academic surgeons: the focus of a new course. ANZ J Surg. 2009;79:872. 5. Chen H, Kao LS. Success in academic surgery: part I. London: Springer; 2012. Contents 1 How to Set Up, Staff, and Fund Your Basic Science or Translational Research Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Marc D. Basson and Harvey L. Bumpers 2 Choosing a Good Basic Science or Translational Research Mentor 19 Clifford S. Cho 3 Effective Time Management Strategies for Conducting Laboratory Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Ankush Gosain and Herbert Chen 4 How to Read the Literature, Develop a Hypothesis, and Design an Experiment for Basic Science and Translational Research . . . . . 41 Vivian Gahtan and Barbara Robinson 5 Tips on Maintaining an Effective Lab Notebook for Bench Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Ulka Sachdev and Edith Tzeng 6 How to Conduct Cell Culture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Edward S. Moreira and Nick D. Tsihlis 7 Modern Techniques for Protein Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Vanessa Nomellini and Gregory D. Kennedy 8 Modern Techniques for DNA and RNA Assessments. . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Benjamin Kautza and Brian S. Zuckerbraun 9 Utilizing Flow Cytometry Effectively. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Bruce J. Swearingen and David W. Mathes 10 Considerations for Immunohistochemistry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Gale L. Tang and Wei Zhou 11 Stem Cells: Are They Pertinent to My Research? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Anne C. Fischer vii viii Contents 12 Use of Genetically Engineered Mice for Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Kerry-Ann McDonald and Allan Tsung 13 Getting Your IACUC Proposal Approved. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Michael R. Hall and Alan Dardik 14 How to Protect Your Intellectual Property: Invention Disclosures and Patents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Carla M. Pugh and Thomas M. Krummel 15 Statistics for Bench Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Michael G. House 16 Ethics in Laboratory Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Rebecca M. Dodson and Timothy M. Pawlik Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Contributors Marc D. Basson, MD, PhD, MBA Department of Surgery , College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University , Lansing , MI , USA Harvey L. Bumpers, MD Department of Surgery , College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University , Lansing , MI , USA Herbert Chen, MD Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery , University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison , WI , USA Clifford S. Cho, MD, FACS Section of Surgical Oncology , University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison , WI , USA Alan Dardik, MD, PhD Department of Surgery , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA Rebecca M. Dodson, MD Department of Surgery , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA Anne C. Fischer, MD, PhD Department of Surgery , Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine , Rochester , MI , USA Department of Surgery , Beaumont Children’s Hospital , Royal Oak , MI , USA Vivian Gahtan, MD Department of Surgery , SUNY Upstate University Hospital , Syracuse , NY , USA Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Services, Department of Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University , Syracuse , NY , USA Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Healthcare Network Upstate New York at Syracuse , Syracuse , NY , USA Ankush Gosain, MD, PhD, FACS, FAAP Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery , U niversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, M adison, W I, U SA Michael R. Hall, MD Department of Surgery , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA ix