Submerged Cultural Resource Management The Plenum Series in Underwater Archaeology Series Editor: J. Barto Arnold III Institute of Nautical Archaeology Texas A&M University College Station, Texas International Handbook of Underwater Archaeology Edited by Carol V. Ruppe and Janet F. Barstad Iron and Steamship Archaeology: Success and Failure on the SS Xantho Michael McCarthy The Life and Times of a Merchant Sailor: The Archaeology and History of the Norwegian Ship Catharine Jason M. Bums Maritime Archaeology: A Reader of Substantive and Theoretical Contributions Edited by Lawrence E. Babits and Hans Van Tilburg Material Culture and Consumer Society: Dependent Colonies in Colonial Australia Mark Staniforth The Material Culture of Steamboat Passengers: Archaeological Evidence from the Missouri River Annalies Corbin The Persistence of Sail in the Age of Steam: Underwater Archaeological Evidence from the Dry Tortugas Donna J. Souza Submerged Cultural Resource Management: Preserving and Interpreting Our Sunken Maritime Heritage Edited by James D. Spirek and Della A. Scott-Ireton A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher. Submerged Cultural Resource Management Preserving and Interpreting Our Maritime Heritage Edited by James D. Spirek South Carolina Institute of Arc/weology and Anthropology Columbia, South Carolina and DeHa A. Scott,lreton Flonda Bureau of Arc/weological Research Tallahassee, Flarida Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN 978-0-306-47856-7 ISBN 978-1-4615-0069-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-0069-8 © 2003 Springer Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Kluwer / Plenum Publishers, New York in 2003 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover lst edition 2003 AII rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, phorocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the putchaser of the work. Permissions for books published in Europe: [email protected] Permissions for books published in the United States of America: [email protected] CONTRIBUTORS Arthur B. Cohn Lake Champlain Maritime Museum, Vergennes, Vermont 05491 John R. Halsey Michigan Department of State, Lansing, Michigan 48918-1847 Todd Hannahs San Luis Obispo, California 93401 Lynn Harris South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, Columbia, South Carolina 29208-0017 Susan B.M. Langley Maryland Historical Trust, Crownsville, Maryland 21032 Daniel La Roche Parks Canada, Hull, Quebec, Canada KIA OMS Richard W. Lawrence North Carolina Underwater Archaeology Unit, Kure Beach, North Carolina 28409 Peter Lindquist Shipwreck Tours, Inc. Munising, Michigan 49862 Cassandra Philippou Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia 5001 Philip Robertson Nautical Archaeology Society, Lochaline, Morvern, Argyll, United Kingdom PA345XT Della A. Scott-Ireton Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research, Tallahassee, Florida 32399-0250 v vi CONTRIBUTORS Roger C. Smith Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research, Tallahassee, Florida 32399-0250 Tim Smith New South Wales Heritage Office, Parramatta, New South Wales, Australia 2124 James D. Spirek South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, Columbia, South Carolina 29208-0017 Mark Staniforth Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia 5001 Bruce G. Terrell National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 Gail A. Vander Stoep Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 Kenneth J. Vrana Center for Maritime and Underwater Resource Management, Laingsburg, Michigan 48848 FOREWORD Writing to the governor of Florida in September of 1964, the president of the Florida Keys Underwater Guides Association expressed concern about proposed salvage operations on the shipwrecks of the Spanish fleet of 1733. The Guides went on record to ask the governor for help "to preserve these historical wrecks for the present and future enjoyment of the public." Subsequently, a similar request was sent to the governor by the Florida Upper Keys Chamber of Commerce, which wrote that "we feel strongly that the historic interest and attractions for our growing influx of skindivers produced by these wrecks is much more valuable to the State of Florida than the 25% share gained from salvage of these old wrecks and their treasures." Shortly thereafter, the Monroe County Advertising Commission wrote the governor that "the historic wrecks off our coasts are a part of our heritage to be enjoyed and seen and not to be despoiled. [Aside from] the discovery of occasional "pieces of eight" and/or artifacts by individuals or the hope of such discoveries, the underwater beauty of a wreck housing hundreds of fish or a mound of cannon balls is directly beneficial to our economy while concerted salvage operations would destroy permanently the lure of these wrecks." But the notion that these underwater sites would best serve the public as historical and environmental attractions rather than to be picked apart under state supervision for personal trophies was an idea way ahead of its time. It would be twenty-five years before the state was persuaded to designate one of the 1733 shipwrecks as a public underwater park. In 1989, the wrecksite of San Pedro was officially dedicated amid much local fanfare as Florida's second Underwater Archaeological Preserve. Partners in the establishment of the preserve were the Keys Association of Dive Operators, the Islamorada Chamber of Commerce, and the Monroe County Tourist Development Council-the modern descendants of those organizations that had years earlier sought the state's assistance to preserve historic shipwrecks. The new preserve, enhanced by replicas of cannons long ago salvaged, interpreted by a bronze plaque, brochures, and underwater maps, was immediately adopted by the waterfront community as a valuable tourism resource. It later would also become part of the state park system and was incorporated into the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary shipwreck trail. As of this writing, there are seven underwater archaeological preserves in Florida, each of which is on the National Register of Historic Places. In this book you will find similar stories of experiments with the public management of submerged cultural resources, from the early shipwreck trails in Australia, to historic watercraft on the bottoms of cold-water lakes, to inland waterway heritage corridors and offshore maritime landscapes. Reflecting the history, technology, and commerce of numerous cultures over several vii viii FOREWORD centuries, these sites include sailing and steam ships, barges and ferries, yachts and freighters, as well as warships and galleons that are interpreted for the visiting public. Established through partnerships between national or regional government managers and local waterfront constituencies, these underwater museums represent attractions that combine heritage, recreation, and ecology tourism extending historic preservation toward new horizons. James Spirek and Della Scott-Ireton have compiled and edited what is to my knowledge the first published source describing the scope and breadth of today's underwater heritage trails and preserves. Each chapter reflects both the strengths and weaknesses of various strategies that have been attempted for the public interpretation and preservation of historic sites in aquatic environments. Not only will this book serve to document the progress of those strategies, but it will offer new directions for cultural resource management on future frontiers. ROGER C. SMITH State Underwater Archaeologist Florida Division of Historical Resources PREFACE The following monograph is devoted to sharing some of the information presented at a symposium organized for the Society for Historical Archaeology's 33rd Conference on Historical and Underwater Archaeology held 4 to 9 January 2000 in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. The symposium, entitled "Preserves, Parks, and Trails: Interpreting our Sunken Maritime Heritage," brought together fifteen graduate student, professional, and avocational archaeologists from the United States, Canada, and Australia to present their work and thoughts on improving public access to interpreted shipwrecks and other intertidal and submerged archaeological sites (Appendix A). The session discussant was Dr. Roger C. Smith, Florida's state underwater archaeologist, who provided a summation of the session's presentations. The symposium was organized by James D. Spirek, from the South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, and Della A. Scott-Ireton, from the Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research, who also are the editors of this work. The concepts under discussion at the symposium, and in this book, are the ways in which submerged cultural resource managers, archaeologists, avocationals, and historic preservation-minded organizations have joined forces to encourage public access to interpreted underwater archaeological preserves, parks, and trails. The interpretation of these underwater or intertidal attractions typically seeks to inform the visitor about the cultural significance, structural elements, and environmental setting of the site using illustrative guides, brochures, and ancillary land-based exhibits. Important goals of this submerged cultural resource management concept are to foster in the visitor a sense of preservation through stewardship and to provide education through recreation. Economic benefits for the host community derived through historical, educational, and recreational tourism also are significant objectives. The session organizers felt that bringing together experts in this sphere of submerged cultural resource management would provide a useful forum for discussing issues specific to the concept, such as the effects of increased visitation to unique and fragile sites, goals of interpretation, sustainability of the resource, and accessibility to non-divers, among other concerns and topics. The session also was intended to function as a clearinghouse of information that would prove beneficial to those who practice and to those who were interested in implementing this concept in their region. In preparing the symposium, the organizers, now editors, invited practitioners of the concept to participate in the session. Additionally, the editors simultaneously posted a brief description of the proposed symposium to the Internet discussion group SUB_ARCH, devoted to discussing topics relevant to underwater archaeology, to elicit information about any existing preserve, park, and trail programs that were not widely known. Many ix x PREFACE responses to our letters and Internet request were received from various countries including Scotland, South Africa, Australia, Canada, Israel, and the United States. Unfortunately, several potential participants were unable to attend the meeting for a variety of reasons, although information about the geographical implementation of the preserve/park/trail concept became evident through this correspondence. The concept to promote and provide interpreted public access to submerged cultural resources apparently is limited to the United States, Canada, Scotland, Israel, and Australia. Elsewhere, countries either are just beginning to undertake creating preserves, parks, and trails, or are not yet prepared to embark on this venture. The followings chapters reflect the majority of papers presented at the SHA 2000 symposium. Additionally, three papers were contributed as the book was in preparation. The order of the presentations and of the book was devised to open with a discussion of the principles of interpretation and management involved with this concept and then to provide existing examples of preserves, parks, and trails. The symposium concluded with a summation by Dr. Smith; here he provides a Foreword. In preparing their papers and, later, chapters, the authors were asked to focus on legislation, economic benefits, interpretation methods, problems, successes, and future directions regarding their preserve, park, or trail programs. The chapters presented in this volume touch on all of these aspects, as well as on many others that relate to the principles and practices of this innovative submerged cultural resource management idea. The intent of this book is to disseminate the knowledge gained at the symposium to a broader audience including those who may be interested in establishing a similar program in their region, those who want to learn more about the historic preservation of underwater archaeological sites in the world, and those who simply may like to visit one of these unique archaeological sites. The editors wish to acknowledge and thank the authors of each chapter for their hard work, patience, and support throughout the process of producing this work. We also wish to express our appreciation to Kluwer AcademiclPlenum Publishers for this opportunity, and especially to Teresa Krauss for her help and motivation. Of course, our families deserve our thanks for their understanding of the time and effort necessary to make this book come together.