Subjects, Citizens and Others Studies in British and Imperial History Published for the German Historical Institute, London Editor: Andreas Gestrich, Director of the German Historical Institute, London Volume 1 The Rise of Market Society in England, 1066–1800 Christiane Eisenberg Translated by Deborah Cohen Volume 2 Sacral Kingship between Disenchantment and Re-enchantment The French and English Monarchies, 1587–1688 Ronald G. Asch Volume 3 The Forgotten Majority German Merchants in London, Naturalization and Global Trade, 1660–1815 Margit Schulte-Beerbühl Translated by Cynthia Klohr Volume 4 Crown, Church and Constitution Popular Conservatism in England, 1815–1867 Jörg Neuheiser Translated by Jennifer Walcoff Neuheiser Volume 5 Between Empire and Continent British Foreign Policy before the First World War Andreas Rose Translated by Rona Johnston Volume 6 Unearthing the Past to Forge the Future Colin Mackenzie, the Early Colonial State and the Comprehensive Survey of India Tobias Wolffhardt Translated by Jane Rafferty Volume 7 Subjects, Citizens and Others Administering Ethnic Heterogeneity in the British and Habsburg Empires, 1867–1918 Benno Gammerl Translated by Jennifer Walcoff Neuheiser S , c ubjectS itizenS and O therS Administering Ethnic Heterogeneity in the British and Habsburg Empires, 1867–1918 ? Benno Gammerl Translated by Jennifer Walcoff Neuheiser berghahn N E W Y O R K (cid:127) O X F O R D www.berghahnbooks.com Published in 2018 by Berghahn Books www.berghahnbooks.com English-language edition © 2018 Benno Gammerl German-language edition © 2010 Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG Originally published in 2010 as Untertanen, Staatsbürger und Andere: Der Umgang mit ethnischer Heterogenität im britischen Weltreich und im Habsburgerreich 1867–1918 by Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen The translation of this work was funded by Geisteswissenschaften International – Translation Funding for Humanities and Social Sciences from Germany, a joint initiative of the Fritz Thyssen Foundation, the German Federal Foreign Office, the collecting society VG WORT and the Börsenverein des Deutschen Buchhandels (German Publishers and Booksellers Association). All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A C.I.P. cataloging record is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-78533-709-3 hardback ISBN 978-1-78533-710-9 ebook c OntentS List of Illustrations vii List of Maps, Tables and Figures viii Acknowledgements x List of Abbreviations xii Introduction 1 Chapter 1. Nation-States Emerging on the Semi-periphery 25 The Beginnings of a Canadian Nationality: Integration Efforts and Racist Exclusion 25 Hungarian Nationality, Magyarization, and the Nationalization of the Law 37 Nation and Empire: A Complicated Relationship 46 Chapter 2. Statist Approaches 62 From Ethnic Neutrality to a Politics of Recognition in Austria 62 Promises of Equality, a Politics of Recognition and Racist Discrimination in India 80 The Formation and Determination of Ethnic Identities 95 Chapter 3. Imperialist Discrimination in Colonial Contexts 119 National Belonging, Migration and the Recognition of Difference in Bosnia 119 The Law and Racist Discrimination in British East Africa 134 Difference, Discrimination and Racism 148 Chapter 4. The United Kingdom between Nation, State and Empire 163 Subjecthood and Nationality before 1900 164 The Growing Importance of Ethnic Identities since 1900 168 Intersections of Ethnic, Religious, Social and Gender Differences 180 vi | Contents Chapter 5. Empires and Ethnic Heterogeneity 197 Ethnic Neutrality in the Late Nineteenth Century 197 The Ethnicization of the Law in the Early Twentieth Century 208 Biopower and Ethnicization: Splitting the Population or Splitting the Power 227 Conclusion 242 Bibliography 263 Index of Names and Places 290 Index of Subjects 294 i lluStratiOnS 1.1 En route to civilization? ‘Group of Indians belonging to the Kwawkewlth Agency, B.C.’. Printed in: Annual Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, Ottawa, 1901, p. 257. 33 1.2 The Hungarian nation abroad as a multilingual community (Hungarian, German, Slovakian, Romanian, Serbian, Croatian and Ruthenian). Cover of an informational brochure for Hungarian emigrants to the United States, 1910. From: Vienna, HHStA, MdÄ, Admin. Reg., F 15, Auswanderung, Ktn. 31. 45 2.1 Making the census more precise: A machine-readable census card from the United Kingdom, 1911. From: London, PRO, RG 27/7. 100 3.1 Visual differences? Ethnographic sketches: ‘Mostar: Muslim women’ (Rudolf von Ottenfeld) and ‘Sarajevsko Polje: The orthodox’ (Ladislaus Batakn). Published in the so-called Kronprinzenwerk: Die österreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild. Bosnien und Hercegovina, Vienna: k.k. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, 1901, pp. 323 and 319. 130 4.1 Advertising leaflet from a London naturalization society, 1910. From: London, PRO, HO 144/1102/198890. 171 5.1 Photographs of Austrian and Hungarian conscripts in Jerusalem, 1914–1916. From: Vienna, HHStA, Konsulat Jerusalem, Ktn. 146. 203 5.2 Entry denied: Indian passengers on board the Komagata Maru in Vancouver, BC, James L. Quiney, 1914. From: City of Vancouver Archives, CVA 7–125. 214 5.3 Family life and minority report: Writing test of the naturalization candidate Benjamin Goldberg, 1912. From: London, PRO, HO 144/971/B36646. 216 5.4 Ethnicization of the Hungarian nation abroad: Article entitled ‘Heim für Arpad’s Söhne’, with a drawing of the Hungarian emigrants’ home in New York, in New Yorker Revue, Sunday, 21 November 1909. From: Vienna, HHStA, MdÄ, Admin. Reg., F 15,  Auswanderung, Ktn. 31. 224 M , t F apS ableS and igureS Maps 2.1 The ascription of ethnonational identities to individuals: ‘The Moravian Compromise of 1905: 6 German and 14 Czech voting constituencies’. Based on: Sudetendeutscher Atlas, 2nd edn, Munich 1955, p. 26 (courtesy of Sudetendeutscher Rat). 76 2.2 and 2.3 The territorial distribution of ethno-religious differences: ‘Maps showing the distribution of Hindus and Muhammadans’. Extracted from: Census of India, 1911, vol. 1, Report , Calcutta 1913, pp. 119 and 128. 99 Tables 1.1 Immigration of ‘non-Europeans’ to Canada, in absolute figures. 28 2.1 Distribution of the elected members of the legislative assembly across the provinces and electorates according to the Government of India Act of 1919. 83 3.1 Population and religious-confessional groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina. 126 3.2 Births registered in the East Africa Protectorate, listed according to the ethnicity and ‘race’ of the parents. 138 5.1 Number of ‘non-Europeans’ among the total number of registered births of British subjects from the lists of the consulates in Réunion, on the US West Coast, and in Siam, in absolute figures. 210 Maps, Tables and Figures | ix Figures 1.1 Immigrants to Canada according to country of origin, in absolute figures. 27 2.1 Naturalizations in Austria and number of naturalized Jews, in absolute figures. 70 4.1 Total number of naturalizations in the United Kingdom and the number of naturalized Jews, in absolute figures. 172