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Subatomic Physics PDF

641 Pages·2007·9.025 MB·English
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SUBAT MIC PHYSICS Third Edition TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk SUBAT MIC PHYSICS Third Edition Ernest M Henley Alejandro Garcia University of Washington, USA World Scientific N E W J E R S E Y • L O N D O N • S I N G A P O R E • B E I J I N G • S H A N G H A I • H O N G K O N G • TA I P E I • C H E N N A I (cid:13)(cid:10) Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. SUBATOMIC PHYSICS (3rd Edition) Copyright © 2007 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN-13 978-981-270-056-8 ISBN-10 981-270-056-0 ISBN-13 978-981-270-057-5 (pbk) ISBN-10 981-270-057-9 (pbk) Printed in Singapore. Ian - Subatomic Physics.pmd 1 6/6/2007, 1:51 PM June7,2007 9:31 Systembook.cls(fromauthor)—TrimSizefor9.75inx6.5in subatomic To Elaine and Viviana v June7,2007 9:31 Systembook.cls(fromauthor)—TrimSizefor9.75inx6.5in subatomic TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk June7,2007 9:31 Systembook.cls(fromauthor)—TrimSizefor9.75inx6.5in subatomic Acknowledgments In writing the present book, we have had generous help from students, friends and colleagueswhohaveclearedupquestions,provideduswithdataand/orfigures,and have made helpful comments on parts of the manuscript. WethankparticularlyEricAdelberger,HansBichsel,OwenBiesel,RickCasten, John Cramer, Kees de Jager, Paolo Gondolo, Paul Grannis, Wick Haxton, Craig Hogan, Seth Hoedl, David Kaplan, Joseph Kapusta, Kevin Lesko, Henry Lubatti, Augusto Machiavelli, Dan Melconian, Gerald Miller, Berndt Mu¨ller, John Negele, Ann Nelson, Mal Ruderman, Martin Savage,Anne Sallaska, Hendrik Schatz, Steve Sharpe, Reinhard Schumacher,Sky Sjue, Dick Seymour, Kurt Snover,Dam Thanh Son, Stephanie Stattel, Smarajit Triambak, Bob Tribble, Raju Venugopalan, John Wilkerson. The figures from journals of the American Physical Society are reprinted with courtesy of the American Physical Society, which holds the copyrights; those from PhysicsLettersandNuclearPhysicsarecourtesyofElsevierPublishingCompany. vii June7,2007 9:31 Systembook.cls(fromauthor)—TrimSizefor9.75inx6.5in subatomic TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk June7,2007 9:31 Systembook.cls(fromauthor)—TrimSizefor9.75inx6.5in subatomic Preface to the First Edition Subatomic Physics, the physics of nuclei and particles, has been one of the frontiersofsciencesinceitsbirthin1896. Fromthe studyofthe radiationsemitted by radioactive nuclei to the scattering experiments that point to the presence of subunits in nucleons, from the discovery of the hadronic interactions to the real- ization that the photon possesses hadronic (strong) attributes, and that weak and electromagnetic forces may be intimately related, subatomic physics has enriched science with new concepts and deeper insights into the laws of nature. Subatomic Physics does not stand isolated; it bears on many aspects of life. Ideasandfacts emergingfromstudiesofthe subatomic worldchangeourpicture of the macrocosmos. Concepts discovered in subatomic physics are needed to under- standthecreationandabundanceoftheelements,andtheenergyproductioninthe sun and the stars. Nuclear power may provide most of the future energy sources. Nuclear bombs affect national and international decisions. Pion beams have be- come a tool to treat cancer. Tracer and M¨ossbauer techniques give information about structure and reactionsin solid state physics,chemistry, biology,metallurgy, and geology. Subatomic Physics, because it reaches into so many areas, should not only be accessible to physicists, but also to other scientists and to engineers. The chemist observingtheMo¨ssbauereffect,thegeologistusingaradioactivedatingmethod,the physician injecting a radioactiveisotope, or the nuclear engineer designing a power planthavenoimmediateneedtounderstandisospinorinelasticelectronscattering. Nevertheless, their work may be more satisfying and they may be able to find new connectionsiftheyhaveagraspofthe basicprinciplesofsubatomicphysics. While the presentbook is mainly intended asan introductionfor physicists,we hope that it will also be useful to other scientists and to engineers. Subatomic Physics deals with all entities smaller than the atom; it combines nuclear and particle physics. The two fields have many concepts and features in common. Consequently, we treat them together and attempt to stress unifying ideas, concepts and currently unsolved problems. We also show how subatomic ix

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