STYLE GUIDE STYLE GUIDE Style Guide 10th Edition The Economist PublicAffairs THE ECONOMIST IN ASSOCIATION WITH PROFILE BOOKS LTD and PUBLICAFFAIRS Copyright © The Economist Newspaper Ltd, 1986, 1991, 1993, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2005 This eBook edition first published in 2009 by Profile Books Ltd. in Great Britain. Published in 2014 in the United States by PublicAffairs™, a Member of the Perseus Books Group All rights reserved. publicaffairsbooks.com No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the publisher of this book, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information, address PublicAffairs, 250 West 57th Street, 15th Floor, New York, NY 10107. The greatest care has been taken in compiling this book. 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For more information, please contact the Special Markets Department at the Perseus Books Group, 2300 Chestnut Street, Suite 200, Philadelphia, PA 19103, call (800) 810-4145, ext. 5000, or e-mail Contents Preface Introduction A note on editing PART 1 The essence of style PART 2 American and British English PART 3 Useful reference Index Preface Every newspaper has its own style book, a set of rules telling journalists whether to write e-mail or email, Gadaffi or Qaddafi, judgement or judgment. The Economist’s style book does this and a bit more. It also warns writers of some common mistakes and encourages them to write with clarity and simplicity. All the prescriptive judgments in the style guide are directly derived from those used each week in writing and editing The Economist. This tenth edition of the “The Economist Style Guide” is in three parts. The first is based on the style book used by those who edit The Economist; it is largely the work of John Grimond, who has over the years been Britain, American and foreign editor. The second, on American and British English, describes some of the main differences between the two great English-speaking areas, in spelling, grammar and usage. To make the style guide of greater general interest, Part 3 consists of handy reference material that might appeal to readers of The Economist. Throughout the text, italic type is used for examples except where they are presented in lists, when the type is Roman, as this text is. Words in bold indicate a separate but relevant entry, that is, a cross-reference. Small capitals are used only in the way The Economist uses them, for which see the entry abbreviations. Many people have been involved in this book as it has developed and changed over the years. Thanks are due to all of them, with special thanks to Penny Butler, who has played a crucial role from the start. John Grimond, January 2010 Introduction On only two scores can The Economist hope to outdo its rivals consistently. One is the quality of its analysis; the other is the quality of its writing. The aim of this book is to give some general advice on writing, to point out some common errors and to set some arbitrary rules. The first requirement of The Economist is that it should be readily understandable. Clarity of writing usually follows clarity of thought. So think what you want to say, then say it as simply as possible. Keep in mind George Orwell’s six elementary rules: 1 Never use a metaphor, simile or other figure of speech which you are used to seeing in print (see metaphors). 2 Never use a long word where a short one will do (see short words). 3 If it is possible to cut out a word, always cut it out (see unnecessary words). 4 Never use the passive where you can use the active (see grammar and syntax). 5 Never use a foreign phrase, a scientific word or a jargon word if you can think of an everyday English equivalent (see jargon). 6 Break any of these rules sooner than say anything outright barbarous (see iconoclasm). Readers are primarily interested in what you have to say. By the way in which you say it you may encourage them either to read on or to give up. If you want them to read on: Catch the attention of the reader Then get straight into the article. Do not spend several sentences clearing your throat, setting the scene or sketching in the background. Introduce the facts as you tell the story and hold the reader by the way you unfold the tale and by a fresh but unpretentious use of language. In starting your article, let your model be the essays of Francis Bacon. His “Of Marriage” begins, “He that hath wife and children hath given hostages to fortune; for they are impediments to great enterprises, either of virtue or mischief.” “Of Riches” he starts with “I cannot call riches better than the baggage of virtue.” “Of Cunning” opens with “We take cunning for a sinister or crooked wisdom.” “Of Suspicion” is instantly on the wing with “Suspicions amongst thoughts are like bats amongst birds, they ever fly by twilight.” “Of Ambition” wastes no time in asserting, “Ambition is like choler; which is an humor that maketh men active, earnest, full of alacrity, and stirring, if it be not stopped. But if it be stopped, and cannot have his way, it becometh adust, and thereby malign and venomous.” Each of these beginnings carries implicitly within it an entire essay. Each seizes the reader by the lapels and at once draws him into the subject. No gimmickry is needed, no flowery language, no literary contrivance. Plain words on their own carry enough meaning to provoke an intriguing thought, stir the reader’s curiosity and thus make him want to continue. You must strive for a similar effect. Articles in The Economist are like essays, in that they have a beginning, a middle and an end. They should not be mere bits of information stitched together. Each should be a coherent whole, a series of paragraphs that follow logically in order and, ideally, will suffer if even one sentence should be cut out. If the article is a report, the facts must be selected and presented as a story. If it is a leader or more analytical article, it should also have a sense of sequence, so that the reader feels he is progressing from a beginning to a conclusion. Either way, it is up to you to provide the ideas, analysis and argument that bind the elements of the article together. That is the difficult part. Once you have them, though, you need only plain, straightforward words to express them. Do not imagine that you can disguise the absence of thought with long words, stale metaphors or the empty jargon of academics. Do not imagine, either, that you can make an intrinsically dull subject more interesting by using a series of hackneyed phrases. In moderation, however, you can enliven your writing with a fresh metaphor, an occasional exuberance or an unusual word or phrase that nicely suits your purpose. Read through your writing several times Edit it ruthlessly, whether by cutting or polishing or sharpening, on each occasion. Avoid repetition. Cut out anything superfluous. And resist any temptation to achieve a literary effect by making elliptical remarks or allusions to unexplained people or events. Rather, hold your reader’s attention by keeping the story moving. If the tale begins to flag, or the arguments seem less than convincing, you can rescue it only by the sharpness of your mind. Nothing is to be gained by resorting to orotundities and grandiloquence, still less by calling on clichés and vogue expressions. Unadorned, unfancy prose is usually all you need. Do not be stuffy “To write a genuine, familiar or truly English style”, said Hazlitt, “is to write as anyone would speak in common conversation who had a thorough command or choice of words or who could discourse with ease, force and perspicuity setting aside all pedantic and oratorical flourishes.” Use the language of everyday speech, not that of spokesmen, lawyers or bureaucrats (so prefer let to permit, people to persons, buy to purchase, colleague to peer, way out to exit, present to gift, rich to wealthy, show to demonstrate, break to violate). Pomposity and long-windedness tend to obscure meaning, or reveal the lack of it: strip them away in favour of plain words. Do not be hectoring or arrogant Those who disagree with you are not necessarily stupid or insane. Nobody needs to be described as silly: let your analysis show that he is. When you express opinions, do not simply make assertions. The aim is not just to tell readers what you think, but to persuade them; if you use arguments, reasoning and evidence, you may succeed. Go easy on the oughts and shoulds. Do not be too pleased with yourself Don’t boast of your own cleverness by telling readers that you correctly predicted something or that you have a scoop. You are more likely to bore or irritate them than to impress them. Do not be too chatty Surprise, surprise is more irritating than informative. So is Ho, ho and, in the middle of a sentence, wait for it, etc. Do not be too didactic If too many sentences begin Compare, Consider, Expect, Imagine, Look at, Note, Prepare for, Remember or Take, readers will think they are reading a textbook (or, indeed, a style book). This may not be the way to persuade them to renew their subscriptions. Do your best to be lucid (“I see but one rule: to be clear”, Stendhal) Simple sentences help. Keep complicated constructions and gimmicks to a minimum, if necessary by remembering the New Yorker’s comment: “Backward ran sentences until reeled the mind.” Mark Twain described how a good writer treats sentences: “At times he may indulge himself with a long one, but he will make sure there are no folds in it, no vaguenesses, no parenthetical interruptions of its view as a whole; when he has done with it, it won’t be a sea-serpent with half of its arches