STUDIES IN THE T ARG UM TO THE TWELVE PROPHETS FROM NAHUM TO MALACHI SUPPLEMENTS TO VETUS TESTAMENTUM EDITED BY THE BOARD OFTHE QUARTERLY JA. EMERTON - PHYLLIS A. BIRD - W.L. HOLLADAY A. KOOIj - A. LEMAIRE - R.E. MURPHY - B. OTZEN VAN DER R. SMEND -JA. SOGGIN -Je. v ANDERKAM - M. WEINFELD H.G.M. WILLIAMSON VOLUMELI STUDIES IN THE TARGUM TO THE TWELV E PROPHET FROM NAHUM TO MALAeRI BY ROBERT P. GORDON EJ. BRILL LEIDEN· NEW Y ORK . KÖLN 1994 The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data LC Card number 93-23643 Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnalune Gordon, Robert P.: Studies in the targum to the twelve prophets from Nahum to Malachi I by Robert P. Gordon. - Leiden; New York ; Köln: Brill, 1994 (Supplements to Novum testamentum ; Vol. 51) ISBN 90-04-09987-5 NE: Novum testamentum / Supplements ISSN 0083-5889 ISBN 90 04 09987 5 © Copyright 1994 by EJ. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part qf this publication mqy be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval .fJistem, or transmitted in a'!Y form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authori<;ation to photocopy items flr internal or personal use is granted by EJ. Brill provided that the appropriate Jees are paid direct[y to Copyright Clearance Center, 27 Congress Street, Salem MA 01970, USA. Fees are suiject to change. PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS CONTENTS Preface ................................................................................... VII Abbreviations .............................................................................. IX Introduction .................................................................................. 1 2. The Targum to the Latter Prophets in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries ........................................................... 5 General Survey .................................................................. 5 Tangential Studies ............................................................ 20 Text and Language ........................................................... 25 The Palestinian Question ................................................... 34 Tailpiece ........................................................................ 38 2. Historical AIIusions in Tg Twelve Prophets .......................... 40 Nahum 1:9 ..................................................................... 41 Habakkuk 3:17 ................................................................ 45 Zephaniah 3: 18 ................................................................ 49 Zechariah 11: 1. ................................................................ 52 Zechariah 12: 11 ............................................................... 55 Malachi 1: 11 ................................................................... 56 Malachi 3:6 .................................................................... 58 3. The Hebrew Vorlage of Tg Twelve Prophets ......................... 62 Types of Divergence ......................................................... 64 Analysis ......................................................................... 67 Targumic Influence upon the MT? ...................................... 69 Conclusions .................................................................... 72 4. An Incipit Formula in Tg Prophets ..................................... 74 Survey ........................................................................... 74 Origin ............................................................................ 79 Function ........................................................................ 81 5. Tg Habakkuk and the Habakkuk Pesher ............................... 83 Cumulative Agreements .................................................... 84 Habakkuk 1: 16 ................................................................ 90 VI 6. Sperber's 'Additional Targum' to Zechariah 2: 14-15: Studying a Targumic Cento ............................................... 96 Zech. 2:14-15 (AT) .......................................................... 98 Survey-by-Sentences ......................................................... 98 Grelot Again .................................................................. 104 Vocabulary .................................................................... 106 Postscript. ..................................................................... 106 7. The Haggadah in Tg Zechariah 3:1-5 ................................... 108 Illicit Marriage ............................................................... 109 Ordeal by Fire ................................................................ 111 Composite Text? ............................................................ 112 The Qtyl L- Syntagma ..................................................... 113 Statement and Objections ................................................. 114 8. Targum and Peshitta in the Twelve Prophets ........................ 117 Zechariah 13-14 .......................... , ................................... 120 Malachi ......................................................................... 123 Final Assessment ............................................................ 128 9. The Land and the Shekinah in Tg Twelve Prophets ................ 130 The Land ....................................................................... 130 The Shekinah ................................................................ 132 Methodological Reflections ............................................... 136 10. The Redaction of Tg Prophets ........................................... 138 Tg Isaiah 21:9 ................................................................ 139 The Islamic Factor .......................................................... 142 Conclusion .................................................................... 145 Excursus: Isa. 21:9 in Mekilta and Genesis Rabbah ............... 147 11. Summary and Prospectus .................................................. 149 Summary .................................................................................. 150 Prospectus ................................................................................. 151 Bibliography .............................................................................. 155 Index of Authors ......................................................................... 165 Index of Scripture References ......................................................... 168 Index of Other Sources ................................................................. 175 PREFACE It occurred to me as I was lamenting in my Introduction about the obscure origins of Tg Prophets that my own opusculum risked emulating the Targum in this respect, and much less excusably. Most of the material presented in this smaIl volume had its origin in my dissertation, A Study 0/ Targum Jonathan to the Minor Prophets. From Nahum to Malachi (Cambridge, 1973), which was accepted for publication (twice over, as I recall) soon after completion but has remained more than a trifle photo sensitive for most of the intervening years. Other preoccupations, like commentary-writing on 1 and 2 Samuel and work on the Syriac Old Testament, helped to sideline Targum, though a number of articles were published. I can see a positive side to the delay, since I know a little more about Targum than could be claimed on the basis of my tiro effort of 1973. What is now offered is an updated and comprehensively rewritten version of the first part of the dissertation. (The translation and commentary sections formed the basis of my contribution to volume 14 of The Aramaie Bible; see the Bibliography under Cathcart.) One small point of detail perhaps deserves mention, viz. that after ch. 1 I have given the abbreviation Tg (=Targum) its head, for simple, practical reasons. I should like to thank Peter Jackson for his painstaking work in preparing the camera-ready copy, Robert (C.T.R.) Hayward for reading the manuscript at a late stage and making encouraging noises as weIl as several useful bibliographical suggestions, Leslie McFaIl for taking care of the indexes and for other valuable assistance in the final stages, and most of aII Professor J.A. Emerton who supervised the original work. For his generous help and guidance, then and since, I am most grateful. I am dedicating the volume to hirn as a smaIl token of my appreciation. R.P.G. Cambridge, May 1993