PACIFICL INGUISTICS SerieCs -No. 79 STUDIESI N THE LANGUAGESO F ERROMANGO JohnL ynch,e d. Departmenotf Linguistics ResearcShc hoolo f PacifiSct udies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Lynch, J. editor. Studies in the languages of Erromango. C-79, viii + 229 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1983. DOI:10.15144/PL-C79.cover ©1983 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PACIFICL INGUISTICiSs i ssuetdh rougthh eL inguistic Circloef Canberraan dc onsisotfs f ours eries: SERIESA -OccasionPaalp ers SERIESB -Monographs SERIESC -Books SERIESD -SpeciaPlu blications EDITOR:S .A.W urm ASSOCIATEE DITORS:D .C.L aycockC,. L.V oorhoevDe.,T .T ryon,T .E.D utton EDITORIALA DVISERS: B.W.B ender JohnL ynch Universiotfy H awaii Universiotfy P apuaN ew Guinea DavidB radley K.A.M cElhanon La TrobeU niversity Universiotfy T exas A. Capell H.P.M cKaughan Universiotfy S ydney Universiotfy H awaii MichaeGl. Clyne P. MQhlhausler MonashU niversity LinacrCeo llegeO,x ford S.H.E lbert G.N.O 'Grady Universiotfy H awaii Universiotfy V ictoriBa.,C . K.J.F ranklin A.K.P awley SummerI nstituotfe L inguistics Universiotfy A uckland W.W. Glover K.L.P ike Universiotfy M ichigan; SummerI nstituotfe L inguistics SummerI nstituotfe L inguistics G.W.G race E.C.P olome Universiotfy H awaii Universiotfy T exas M.A.K.H alliday GilliaSna nkoff Universiotfy S ydney Universiotfy P ennsylvania E. Haugen W.A.L.S tokhofN ationaCle nterf or HarvarUdn iversity Language DevelopmJeankta,r ta; A. Healey Universiotfy L eiden SummerI nstituotfe L inguistics E.M.U hlenbeck L.A.H ercus Universiotfy L eiden AustraliNaant ionaUln iversity J.W.M.V erhaar Nguy�nB ang Li�m GonzagaU niversiStpyo, kane Universiotfy H awaii Allc orrespondence concPeArCnIiFnIgCL INGUISTICSi,n cluding orderasn ds ubscriptisohnosu,l bde addressteod: The Secretary PACIFICL INGUISTICS Departmenotf Linguistics ResearcShc hooolf PacifiSct udies The AustraliNaant ionaUln iversity CanberraA,. C.T . 2601 Australia. ® Copyright The Authors Firsptu blish1e9d 83 Typesebty SuseB enz Printebdy A.N.U.P rinting Service Coversb y PatriPar inters Boundb y AdriatiBco okbindePrtsy .L td. Maps drawnb y NigelD uffey, Cartography, Deopfa Hrutmmaenn Gte ography, Research Schoofo Pla cifiSct udieAs.,N .U . The editorasr ei ndebtetdo theA ustraliNaant ional Univefrosrai stsyi stanicne thep roductioofn t hiss eries. Thisp ublicatwiaosn made possibblye an initigarla ntf romt heH unterD ouglas Fund. NationaLli braroyf AustralCiaar dN umbera nd ISBN0 8588238 44 ---- ---- -------------------------------------- TALBEO FC ONTENTS Page Preface vi Abbreviations vii CHATPER1 :T HEL ANGUAGOEFS E RROMANGOb yJ ohnL ynch 1 1.T HEE RROMANGANLA NGUAGAETS EUROPEACNO TNACT 1 1.1D.e popaUtlion 1 1.2L.a nguasg e 3 1.3L.oc ation 5 2.C HANGEISN T HEL INGUSITICS ITUATOIN 7 3.T HEP RESETN STUDY 9 Notes 9 Map1 :V aunatu 2 Map2 :E rromanglaangn uagse:m id-neitneetnh cetnury 6 CHATPER2 :S IEG RAMMAR OUTLINEb y JohnL yncha nd A.C apell 11 INTROCDTUION 11 o. 0.1S.i ed ialects 11 0.2G.e ensiso ft hep resent study 11 1.S EGMENTALP HONOGLYO OUTLINE 12 1.1T.h ep hoenmes 12 12.. Allophones 15 13.. C otnrats 17 1.4P.ho ntoactics 20 1..5 Stress 21 1..6 Morphopnhemoics 22 1. 7O.rt hography 22 2 .V ERBAMLO RPOHLOGYA NDT HE VEPRHBR ASE 23 2.1V.e rbm orhpology 23 2.2. Verbp hraes structure 36 3 .N OMINALM ORPHLOOGYA NDT HE NOPUHNRA SE 36 3.1N.o uns 36 3.2P.r onouns 37 3..3 Demotnrsatives 39 3..4 Numeralsa nd quatnifeirs 40 iii iv Page 3.5. Adjetcives 41 3.6.p osssesion 43 3.7. Nounp hraes structure 47 4. OTHERP HRASES 49 4.1.p repsoitions 49 4.2. Locatipvher ases 51 4.3. Temporpahlr ases 53 4.4. Otheprh rases 54 4.5. Intensivee ncltiics 56 5. CLAUESS 56 5.1. Verbelssc lauses 57 5.2. Verbacll uases 57 6. SENTENCES 60 6.1. Nounp hraes expansions 60 6.2. Setnecne-ytpes 61 6.3. Complesxe tnences 64 6.4. Setnencien trodeurcs 69 7. TEXTS 69 7.1- Naraai nd Numpwat 69 7.2. JohnW illiams 70 Notes 72 CHATPER3 : SVIOECA BULARbYy A.C apelaln dJ ohnL ynch 75 O. INTRDOUCTION 75 0.1.O rthoagprhy 75 0.2. Abbreviatiaonndsc ovnentions 76 1. SI-EENGLISH 78 2. ENGLISHS-IE 115 CHATPER4 : URAG RAMMARS KTECH AND VOCABULARbYy JohnL ynch 148 1 .P HONOLOGY 148 2. MORPHOLOGY 149 2.1.F ocaplr oonuns 149 2.2.N ouns 150 2.3. Deictisc 150 2.4. Numeralsa nd quatnifeirs 150 2.5. Adejctives 151 2.6. Prepsoitions 151 2.7. Verbs 152 3. SYNTAX 154 3.1. Phraes sturcture 154 3.2. Setnences 157 4. TEXTS 161 4..1 The Boya nd theC oconuts 161 4.2. Thep rodigSaoln 164 --- ---------- v Page 5. VOCABULARY 168 5.1. Ura-Eng1ish 168 5..2 Eng1ish-Ura 176 Notes 183 CHAPTER 5: UTAHAb yJ ohnL ynch 184 1 .P HONOLOGY 184 2. GRAMMAR 185 3 .V OCABULRAY 187 3.1. Utaha-Eng1ish 187 3.2. Eng1ishU-taha 189 4. TEXT 190 CHAPTER6 : SORUNbG yJ ohnL ynch 191 1 .P HONOLOGY 191 2. GRAMMAR 191 3 .V OCABULRAY 192 CHPATER7 : PRELIMNIARYR EMARKOSN PROOT-ERRMAONGAN by JohnL ynch 193 O. INTRODTUICNO 193 1 .P HONOLOGY 194 1.1.C onsonants 195 1..2 Vowles 200 2 .R ECONTSRCUTINO PROCEDURES 201 3. GRAMMAR 202 3.1. Sentence 202 3.2. Verbp hrasaen dv erbm orhpology 203 3.3.N ounp hrasaen dn ominamlo rphology 205 3.4. Possesvseim orphology 206 3.5. Prepositions 206 3.6.O ther 207 4. LEXCION 207 5. ENGLISIHN DEOXF RECONRSUTCTINOS 215 Notes 219 BIBLGIROAPHY 221 PREAFCE Thisv olumei se ssetniallayn e xerciisnes alvaglei gnuistsi.c Oft hef our Erromaanngl agnuagefso rw hichd ataw illb ep resetned, twoa ren owe xticnt,a thirids l ikelyt o cboemes oi nt hev eryn earf utrue, whilet heo ne viablEer ro­ magnan lgaunaghea sn otr elaly attracttehde a ttentioofnl ignuistsi nt hel ast half-ctuerny.I amt herefoariem ign top resetn asc opmletae descriptaiso n possibolfet heshei stoircalliym porntta lagnuagewsi htint hel imitso ft he dataa vailbale. It is hompye t hatt hep resetnatioonf these wdilalts ati mu­ latef urthesrt udieisnt hel agnuageosf t her egion. The majopra rto ft hisv olmue ist akeunp witha grammaticdaels criptoifo n Siet,h es oles urvivgi vniabllea gnuagoef E rroman,g aond witha presnetatioonf Sie lexidcaat.la Theset wop aperasr ep recedbeyd gae neradlic sussioonft he Erromngaanl ignuistisciu tation,a nd aref ololwedb y descript,i boansseodn v ery limitedda t,a oft hem oribdu Unraa nd thee xtinct Uatnda hSao rugn. The last chapteirs a na tetmptt ob egint her ecosntrutciono ft hel agnuagae ncesrtalt o theslea gnuagse. I am happyt ob e ablet oa cknowletdhgeea sssitancoef a number ofp eople and instiuttionisn thper eparatoifot nh isv oulme. Initial rrecshew aasf udned by theE astW-estC etner, and laterre searbcyh t heU niversiyt ofP apua New Guinea;f ianlw ritign-upw asc arrieodu tw hileo nr esearlceha vfer om theU ni­ versitoyf PapNueawG uineaa tt heA ustrailanN ationUanli evristy. I garma te­ fult o thesteh reien stuittiosn fort heirs upprot. I ama los grateftuola numebro fc olleaguewsh oh avec ommenteedi htero nd raftosf t hesep aperosr o n draftosf e arliveerr sioonfst hem:I shoulidns tacnep artilcaurlhye reT erry Crowl,e GyeorgGer ace, JacuqesG uy, AndrePwa wle, yMalcolRmos s,D arrellT ryno, and DaviWda lsh, asw ella sL esG robue, Sioen L�tknef,u and MathtewS priggs, whoc ommentedo nv ariounson -lignuistimcat terdse altw ithp articulairnlt yh e firscth apetr. nAu mber ofp eoplien V aunatuw ereo f speicala sssitancteo t he effiicentc odnucto fm y filedowrk, and amongt heseI wouldl iket o thakn Mr and Mrs BPoabu l, erPeA .S acc,o and Marn dM rsJ ohnS tock. I owea particudleabrt to DCra peAll.,m y firstt eacheirn l ignuistics. Hee ncouragmeed tcoo dnuctr eseracho nt hel agnuageosf t heS outheVranun atu regino,a nd hasa lolwedm e tmoa kef ullus e ohfi sm aunscrpitg rammar,s vocaublareis, and textuadla tai nt hep reparatoifot nh isv olumeI. am pleaesd thath eh asb eena ble ctoo- uathowri thm e twoo ft hem ajor chapteirnst his volume. Fianll,y aIm e speicallgyr ateftuolt hosEer romngaanp eoplweh oh elped me inc olelctign thed atau ponw hichm ucho ft hep resetn volmue isb ased:J ames Fot,o TomK iri, SimeoLno u,o WilliaMme t,e and JohnN apua. hIo pet hatt his volmue will showw hata richl ignuistitcr aditioonnc ee xisteodnt heiirs lad.n Cabnerra Augsut1 982 vi vii ABBVRIEATIONS Thef ollowingab brevaitionwsi llb eu sedi nt heg rammar sketchienst his volum:e 1,2 ,3 , first, secodn,t hird LOC loactive persno LOCREL loactivre ealtive A set pAe rsno-marker MP midp ast B set pBe rsno-marekr NEG negavtei (eses ectio2.n1 .2 .o f NOM nominailser Sieg rammar outilne) PF perfecvtei BENF benfeactvie PL plural CAUS causavtei POSS possesvsei COM comittiave PRES preste n CONO codnitoinal PREF prevoiusr eference OAT dative PRIV prviatvie OU dual PURP purpsoive ES echo-subject Q questoin-marker EXC exlcusvie REFL reflexive FP farp ast REL realtive identificaptroerfyi x SG singular 10 INC inclusvei SEP separative INS instrumental sp. species INT intensvie TMP temporaarcyt ion IRR irrealis TR transivtei k..o kind of Int hes ectiso onnm orpholoagnyd s ynta,x dataw illb ep resetneda ccoridng to thef ollowinsgc heme: fisrt, thep hrasoer s etnencien thlean gugae, witha llw ord-initmioarlp heme­ breakisn diactedb yh yphnes; secodn,m orphemem-obryp-hemgel osess, withc orresdpiongn hyphnes; and thir,d inq uote,s far eet ransloant.i Glossesse paratbeyd cao loinn t hem orphebmeym--orphemgel osseresrp esetn multiw-ordE nglishg losseofs sa ignleE rromaanng-alnguagmeo rphe.m e There ipsr oab leomn hobwe stt or epreste nvariogurasmm atiaclm orphemes whichc odnitiocner taimno rphophonecmhiagcne s. Fore xmaple, theries a rule inS iew hicih nsertas v oweble tewent woc onsnoantis nw ord-niitiaplos ition; ifo neo ft hec onsnaontsi sa velar,t hev oweli nsertiesd/ 0./ Underlygi n §-ati( s3-hi:tti)h eh iti ti sp honemiaclly/ §toai/w,i the penhtetci /0./ In gener,a lwhea vef ollwoedt her ulet hatt heseep enthetviocwle sw illb ew ritten ini nt hee xapmlesw e give; wteh usp refetro w rit�e o-atir athert han§ -ati, sincteh isi sc eratinlmyo rer eadbale.T her eadenre edtso b era imni n,d how­ eve,r thatt hep refxi �o-is ana llomorpho f thep refix andt hato nlyt he �-, prefi�x- willb e listedi nt hed icsussoino nv erbaplr efxies. Lynch, J. editor. Studies in the languages of Erromango. C-79, viii + 229 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1983. DOI:10.15144/PL-C79.cover ©1983 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. CHAPT1 ER THE LANGAUGESO F ERROMANGO Errornangios t het hidr mosts outherolfyt hem ajori salndso fV anuatu (esem ap1 ). Knonw itnh em issiolnit eraturaes 'hTeM artyIrs le,' Erromango sawn oto nlyt hev iolte ndeathosf a number oPfr esbtyeriamni sisoanreis,b ut alsom assivdee popluatioonf theE rroamngapne oplteh emlseve.s Thisd epoupltaion has haa dd rastiecff ecto nt heE rroamngaln ignuistisci utationa,s thcihsa pter wills ho.w 1 .T HEE RROMALNAGNAGNEU SAA GTE RUOEPANC ONTACT TheS ouhternV anuatrue giohna sb eens ettlefdo r alte astth reteh ouasnd l yearsa ndp ossbilyc onseirdablyl ogner. A signlel agnuagea ncestralt o the preste-ndayl angugaes ofE rroman,gTaonnaa ndA netiyumb egatno d ivesriyf as its speakedriss perseadm ongt hesteh reseo utheirsn lnads,t hougaht w hatd atet his dispersatlo okp lace- and,i np articaurl,a tw hatd ateE rromanigtos elwfa s firsste ttl-edi sn otk nown. Manh asp robabbley enl ivign on Erromanfgoor a t leasttw ot houasndy earsh,o wevearn,d b y theb egninign oft hen ineteetnh cetnury thep opluatioonf Erromanmgaoy w ellh aveb eeni ne xcesosf fitvheo suadn (ese below.) 1.1. Depuolpant io Ther elativet ranuqiiltyo f lief on Erromwaanssg hoa tteroend 2 7J uly, 1774b,y t hev isiotf J amesC ookw,h ol andedo nt hen ort-heascto as.t 2C ook almsotb egatnh em assivsel uaghteorf t heE rromaanngs,b uth is" Musqueatt the criticla Momernetuf sedt op erfmo ritsp art"( Begalehol1e9 16:749.) However, thed icsoveyr ofs andalwooondE rromanbgyo P eteDri lloni n1 825, atnhde arriva(lan d subsequedneatt ha tt heh andsof t heE rromaanngs)o ft he Presbyterimains siaornyJ ohnW illimas in1 893i, nittieadt hep rocesosf c lose cotnactb ewteenE rroamnganasn dE urpoeansa, c otnactw hicwha s thoa ve dissatoruse ffectosn t hep eoploef E rrmoango. Thes toyr otfh es andaolowdersl,ab our-tdrearsa,n dm issiaorinesi n 3 southeVrann uathua sb eent olde lsewheraen,d n eedn otb e repeatheeder . What iso fp atriculacro ncerhne er ist hee ffecto ft his outcsoitdnaec tu pon the popultaiono f Erromanigtos efl. Int her eporotf t hef irscte snuso fV anuatu (htent heN ewH ebrisd)ei n1 967M,c Atrhura ndY axlye (1968:g4i)v et hef ollwoing figusre,f romv ariousso ucres,f ort hep opluatioonf t hei slnad: 1 Lynch, J. "Chapter 1: The Languages of Erromango". In Lynch, J. editor, Studies in the languages of Erromango. C-79:1-10. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1983. DOI:10.15144/PL-C79.1 ©1983 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. 2 o TORRES \)ISLANDS • o a Ureparapara (\-)• 1M otaL ava "• BANKS VanuaL avaV ' tISLANDS Moa 0 SantMaa ria I>Mwerelava \\ C/ \! �Maewo AO Santo Pooteoo,t G Ambrym o �Paaima OTongoa • Emwae6 SHEPHERD ISLANDS 00, � Efate ' ,nom.n,o \)� Futuna Tanna Aniwa' O Aneityum MAP 1 VANUATU :