Cambridge Semitic Languages and Cultures H Studies in Semitic Vocalisation Studies in Semitic Vocalisation and o r n Reading Traditions k and Reading Traditions o h l Aaron D. Hornkohl and Geoffrey Khan (eds.) a n E A D. H G K d DITED BY ARON ORNKOHL AND EOFFREY HAN This volume brings together papers rela� ng to the pronuncia� on of Semi� c languages and K the representa� on of their pronuncia� on in wri� en form. The papers focus on sources h representa� ve of a period that stretches from late an� quity un� l the Middle Ages. A a n large propor� on of them concern reading tradi� ons of Biblical Hebrew, especially the ( vocalisa� on nota� on systems used to represent them. Also discussed are orthography e and the wri� en representa� on of prosody. d s . ) Beyond Biblical Hebrew, there are studies concerning Punic, Biblical Aramaic, Syriac, and Arabic, as well as post-biblical tradi� ons of Hebrew such as piyyuṭ and medieval Hebrew poetry. There were many parallels and interac� ons between these various language tradi� ons and the volume demonstrates that important insights can be gained from such S t a wide range of perspec� ves across diff erent historical periods. u d As with all Open Book publica� ons, this en� re book is available to read for free on the ie publisher’s website. Printed and digital edi� ons, together with supplementary digital s material, can also be found here: www.openbookpublishers.com in S e m Cover image: Detail from a bilingual La� n-Punic inscrip� on at the theatre at Lepcis Magna, IRT 321 (accessed from h� ps://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inscrip� on_Theatre_Lep� s_Magna_Libya.JPG). Leaf of a Syriac prayer book i t with Western vocalisa� on signs (source: Wikimedia Commons). Leaf of an Abbasid-era Qurʾān (vv. 64.11–12) i c with red, yellow, and green vocalisa� on dots (source: Wikimedia Commons). Genizah fragment of the Hebrew Bible (Gen. 11–12, Cambridge University Library T-S A1.56; courtesy of the Syndics of Cambridge University V Library). Genizah fragment of a Karaite transcrip� on of the Hebrew Bible in Arabic script (Num. 14.22–24, 40–42, o Cambridge University Library T-S Ar. 52.242; courtesy of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library). Greek c a transcrip� on of the Hebrew for Ps. 22.2a in Ma� . 27.46 as found in Codex Bezae (fol. 99v; courtesy of the Syndics l of Cambridge University Library). i s a t Cover design: Anna Ga� io n e 3 book ebook and OA edi� ons also available OPEN ACCESS OBP STUDIES IN SEMITIC VOCALISATION AND READING TRADITIONS Studies in Semitic Vocalisation and Reading Traditions Edited by Aaron D. Hornkohl and Geoffrey Khan https://www.openbookpublishers.com © 2020 Aaron D. Hornkohl and Geoffrey Khan. Copyright of individual chapters is maintained by the chapters’ authors. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the text; to adapt the text and to make commercial use of the text providing attribution is made to the authors (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Attribution should include the following information: Aaron D. Hornkohl and Geoffrey Khan (eds.), Studies in Semitic Vocalisation and Reading Traditions. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2020, https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0207 In order to access detailed and updated information on the license, please visit, https:// doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0207#copyright Further details about CC BY licenses are available at, https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/ All external links were active at the time of publication unless otherwise stated and have been archived via the Internet Archive Wayback Machine at https://archive.org/web Updated digital material and resources associated with this volume are available at https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0207#resources Every effort has been made to identify and contact copyright holders and any omission or error will be corrected if notification is made to the publisher. Semitic Languages and Cultures 3. ISSN (print): 2632-6906 ISBN Paperback: 978-1-78374-935-5 ISSN (digital): 2632-6914 ISBN Hardback: 978-1-78374-936-2 ISBN Digital (PDF): 978-1-78374-937-9 DOI: 10.11647/OBP.0207 Cover image: Detail from a bilingual Latin-Punic inscription at the theatre at Lepcis Magna, IRT 321 (accessed from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inscription_Theatre_ Leptis_Magna_Libya.JPG). Leaf of a Syriac prayer book with Western vocalisation signs (source: Wikimedia Commons). Leaf of an Abbasid-era Qurʾān (vv. 64.11–12) with red, yellow, and green vocalisation dots (source: Wikimedia Commons). Genizah fragment of the Hebrew Bible (Gen. 11–12, Cambridge University Library T-S A1.56; courtesy of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library). Genizah fragment of a Karaite transcription of the Hebrew Bible in Arabic script (Num. 14.22–24, 40–42, Cambridge University Library T-S Ar. 52.242; courtesy of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library). Greek transcription of the Hebrew for Ps. 22.2a in Matt. 27.46 as found in Codex Bezae (fol. 99v; courtesy of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library). Cover design: Anna Gatti CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS ................................................................... viii PREFACE ................................................................................. xv Robert Crellin and Lucia Tamponi Vowel Quantity and Quality in Neo-Punic and Latin Inscriptions from Africa and Sardinia .............................. 1 Benjamin Kantor The Development of the Hebrew Wayyiqṭol Verbal Form (‘Waw Consecutive’) in Light of Greek and Latin Transcriptions of Hebrew ..................................... 55 Peter Myers The Representation of Gutturals by Vowels in the LXX of 2 Esdras ........................................................... 133 Dorota Molin Biblical Quotations in the Aramaic Incantation Bowls and Their Contribution to the Study of the Babylonian Reading Tradition ..................................... 147 Benjamin D. Suchard Phonological Adaptation and the Biblical Aramaic and Biblical Hebrew Reflexes of *i and *u ................... 171 vi Contents Nick Posegay Connecting the Dots: The Shared Phonological Tradition in Syriac, Arabic, and Hebrew Vocalisation ................................................................. 191 Aaron D. Hornkohl Discord between the Tiberian Written and Reading Traditions: Two Case Studies ....................................... 227 Joseph Habib Qere and Ketiv in the Exegesis of the Karaites and Saadya Gaon ................................................................ 281 Vincent DeCaen and B. Elan Dresher Pausal Forms and Prosodic Structure in Tiberian Hebrew ........................................................................ 331 Kim Phillips Samuel ben Jacob’s Treatment of Exceptional Vocalic Shewas ............................................................. 379 Benjamin Outhwaite The Tiberian Tradition in Common Bibles from the Cairo Genizah .............................................................. 405 Estara Arrant An Exploratory Typology of Near-Model and Non- Standard Tiberian Torah Manuscripts from the Cairo Genizah ........................................................................ 467 Contents vii Geoffrey Khan Some Features of the Imperfect Oral Performance of the Tiberian Reading Tradition of Biblical Hebrew in the Middle Ages .......................................................... 549 Élodie Attia On Some Variants in Ashkenazic Biblical Manuscripts from the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries ..................................................................... 593 José Martínez Delgado The Prosodic Models of Andalusi Hebrew Metrics ....... 617 Michael Rand Marginalia to the Qillirian Rhyme System ................... 657 INDEX .................................................................................. 677 CONTRIBUTORS Robert Crellin (PhD, University of Cambridge, 2012) is a postdoctoral researcher on the project Contexts of and Relations between Early Writing Systems (CREWS) in the Faculty of Classics, University of Cambridge, where the focus of his research is West Semitic writing systems. He has also worked on the syntax and semantics of the verb systems in Ancient Greek and Latin, as well as the morphology of Semitic personal names in Greek. Lucia Tamponi is a PhD student in the Department of Philology, Literature, and Linguistics at the University of Pisa. Her main research interests include the diffusion of the Latin language in Sardinia, especially in the light of its Romance evolution, with special focus on the linguistic analysis of graphemic alternations in the Latin inscriptions from the island. She has previously worked on the digitisation and analysis of Latin inscriptions from Rome and Italy included in the CLaSSES (http://classes-latin- linguistics.fileli.unipi.it) epigraphic corpus. Peter Myers (PhD, University of Cambridge, 2019) is lecturer in Hebrew and Old Testament at the Ethiopian Graduate School of Theology. He completed his PhD in Hebrew phonology and Greek transcriptions under the supervision of Prof. Geoffrey Khan. He is an ordained Anglican minister and a member of SIL. Benjamin Kantor (PhD, University of Texas, 2017) is a postdoctoral researcher in Biblical Hebrew philology at the Contributors ix University of Cambridge. His PhD is in Hebrew Bible, with a dissertation on ‘The Second Column (Secunda) of Origen's Hexapla in Light of Greek Pronunciation’. This was completed after receiving his BA in Classical Studies with an emphasis in Greek from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 2012. He specializes in the historical phonology of Hebrew and Greek in Late Antiquity. Dorota Molin is a PhD student (2018–2021) in Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Cambridge, working on North- Eastern Neo-Aramaic. She obtained her MPhil degree in the same department, where her thesis concentrated on Biblical Hebrew quotations in the Aramaic incantation bowls in the context of Biblical Hebrew pronunciation traditions. She is interested in comparative dialectology and its contribution to understanding diachrony (e.g., grammaticalisation). She has also published on contact between Modern Hebrew and Negev Arabic and worked as a research assistant on a forthcoming Diplomatic Edition of Mishna-Codex Kaufmann (A50). She holds a BA degree in Hebrew and Arabic (Cambridge). Benjamin D. Suchard (PhD, Leiden University, 2016) is the author of The Development of the Biblical Hebrew Vowels (Brill, 2019), an adaptation of his doctoral dissertation in Linguistics. He currently holds a Research Foundation - Flanders (FWO) senior postdoctoral fellowship at KU Leuven (2019–2020, 2022– 2024) for a project on the interacting languages of the Biblical Aramaic consonantal text and reading tradition and a Nether- lands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) Veni