Studies in Hellenistic Architecture PHOENIX Journal of the Classical Association of Canada Revue de la Socie´te´ canadienne des e´tudes classiques Supplementary Volume XLII Tome supple´mentaire XLII FREDERICK E. WINTER STUDIES IN HELLENISTIC ARCHITECTURE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS Toronto Buffalo London ©University ofTorontoPressIncorporated2006 Toronto Buffalo London PrintedinCanada ISBN-13: 978-0-8020-3914-9 ISBN-10: 0-8020-3914-6 Printedonacid-freepaper Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Winter, Frederick E. Studies in Hellenistic Architecture / Frederick E. Winter (Phoenix. Supplementary volume ; 42) ISBN 0-8020-3914-6 1. Architecture, Hellenistic. I. Title. II. Series: Phoenix. Supplementary volume (Toronto, Ont.) ; 42. NA270.W56 2006 722'.8 C2004-906397-9 University of Toronto Press acknowledges the financial assistance to its publishing program of the Canada Council for the Arts and the Ontario Arts Council. This book has beenpublished with the help of a grant from the Canadian Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences, through the Aid to Scholarly Publications Programme, using funds provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. University of Toronto Press acknowledges the financial support for its publishing activities of the Government of Canada through the Book Publishing Industry Development Program (BPIDP). IN MEMORIAM H.B. Gooding, A.R.V. Newsam, L.A. Walcott my first teachers in Classics W.D. Woodhead, E.T. Owen, Gilbert Norwood from whom I learned so much about ancient Greek literature Gilbert Bagnani who guided me through the wonders of ancient Rome Homer Thompson and Eugene Vanderpool who introduced me to the Greek archaeological heritage William Bell Dinsmoor, Sr to whose work students of ancient Greek architecture will always be deeply indebted This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ix PREFACE xxxi Introduction 3 1. Temples and Sanctuaries 5 A. From the Later Fifth Century to the Time of Alexander the Great 5 B. From Alexander the Great to the Late Hellenistic Period 9 2. Entranceways 34 3. Stoas in Later Greek Architecture 50 A. The Development of Stoas 51 B. The Columnar Orders in Stoa Architecture 65 4. Tombs and Commemorative Monuments by Janos Fedak 71 5. Theatres and Stadia 96 A. Theatres 96 B. Stadia 111 6. Gymnasia, Palaistrai, and Baths 115 7. Covered Halls and Storehouses 135 A. Covered Assembly Halls 135 B. Arsenals and Storehouses 149 8. Residential Architecture 157 viii Contents 9. The Hellenistic Style in Italy and Sicily 183 10. Architecture, Landscape, and Seascape: The Role of Setting and Vista in Hellenistic Design 207 11. From Greek Structure to Roman Ornament: The Columnar Orders in Hellenistic Times 219 Conclusion 235 A. Hellenistic Architects, Engineers, and Technical Writers 235 B. The Creativity of the Hellenistic Age 244 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN NOTES 251 NOTES 275 ILLUSTRATIONS 331 INDEX 437 ILLUSTRATIONS PLATE 1 333 1 Priene, plan of the temple of Athena Polias (Hoepfner/Schwandner, Hermogenes und die hochhellenistische Architektur, Mainz am Rhein, Philipp von Zabern, 1990) 2 Priene, temple and altar of Athena from the acropolis 3 Priene, remains of the entablature of the temple of Athena, now in Berlin 4a Priene, restored drawing of the NE corner of the Athena temple (Schede, Die Ruinen von Priene, 2nd ed., Berlin, W. de Gruyter, 1964) 4b Priene, restored drawing of the entablature of the Athena temple (Wiegand and Schrader, Priene, Berlin, Georg Reimer, 1904) PLATE 2 334 5 Ephesos, plan of the Hellenistic Artemision and altar (Bammer, Die Architektur des ju¨ngeren Artemision von Ephesos, Wiesbaden, F. Steiner, 1972) 6 Ephesos, temple of Artemis, sculptured pedestal in the British Museum 7 Ephesos, temple of Artemis, sculptured column drum in the British Museum 8 Ephesos, temple of Artemis, restored drawing of corner (Krischen, Die griechische Stadt, Berlin, Gebr. Mann, 1938) PLATE 3 335 9 Ephesos, temple of Artemis, Hellenistic capital in the British Museum 10 Ephesos, temple of Artemis, fourth-century capital in the British Museum 11 Ephesos, Hellenistic Artemision, restored drawing of entablature (Bammer, Die Architektur des ju¨ngere Artemision von Ephesos, Wiesbaden, F. Steiner, 1972) 12 Thermon, plan of the sanctuary of Apollo (Coulton, The Architectural Development of the Greek Stoa, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1976) PLATE 4 336 13Lykosoura, plan ofthesanctuaryofthe Mistress (Coulton,The ArchitecturalDevelopmentofthe Greek Stoa, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1976) 14 Lykosoura, temple of the Mistress from the S 15 Dodona, plan of the sanctuary of Zeus and adjoining areas (Gruben, Die Tempel der Griechen, 3rd ed., Munich, Hirmer, 1980) x Illustrations 16 Delos, plan, section, and details of the Hall of the Bulls (Lawrence, Greek Architecture, 4th ed., New Haven, Yale University Press, 1983) PLATE 5 337 17 Delos, view of the Hall of the Bulls 18 Delos, restored drawing of the Monument of Mithridates (Chapouthier, Exploration arche´ologique de De´los 16, Paris, E´cole franc¸aise d’Athe`nes, 1935) 19a Delphi, Monument of Aristaineta (Courby, Fouilles de Delphes 2, Paris, E. de Boccard, 1927) 19b Delphi, Monuments of Prusias and Aemilius Paullus (Courby, Fouilles de Delphes 2, Paris, E. de Boccard, 1927) 20 Kastabos, temple of Hemithea, schema of proportions (Cook and Plommer, The Sanctuary of Hemithea at Kastabos, Cambridge University Press, 1966) PLATE 6 338 21 Klaros, general view of the temple of Apollo 22 Klaros, temple of Apollo, transverse arches of the crypt 23 Didyma, plan of the Hellenistic temple of Apollo (Knackfuss, Didyma I, Berlin, Gebr. Mann, 1940) 24 Didyma, temple of Apollo from the east PLATE 7 339 25 Didyma, temple of Apollo, view of the interior court from the west 26 Didyma, temple of Apollo, cross-section of the E end of the interior court (Knackfuss, Didyma I, Berlin, Gebr. Mann, 1940) 27 Didyma, temple of Apollo, vault of tunnel from pronaos to interior court 28 Didyma, drawing of Corinthian half-capital from E facade of interior court (Dinsmoor, Architecture of Ancient Greece, London, Batsford, 1950) PLATE 8 340 29 Lindos, general plan of the sanctuary of Athena Lindia (Coulton, The Architectural Development of the Greek Stoa, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1976) 30aLindos,templeofAthenaLindia,drawingofthefacade(Dyggve,Lindos III,Berlin,W.deGruyter, 1960) 30b Lindos, temple of Athena Lindia, partially rebuilt facade (Dyggve, Lindos III, Berlin, W. de Gruyter, 1960) 31 Samothrace, Hieron of the Great Gods, external view of the apse 32 Teos, plan of the temple and precinct of Dionysos (Mustafa Uz, in Hermogenes und die hochhellenistische Architektur, Mainz am Rhein, Philipp von Zabern, 1990) PLATE 9 341 33 Messa, plan of the temple of Aphrodite (Hoepfner, in Hermogenes und diehochhellenistische Architektur, Mainz am Rhein, Philipp von Zabern, 1990) 34 Messa, view of the temple of Aphrodite 35 Messa, Ionic order of the temple of Aphrodite (Koldcewey, Die antiken Baureste der Insel Lesbos, Berlin, Georg Reimer, 1890) 36 Chryse, plan of the Smintheion (Hoepfner, in Hermogenes und die hochhellenistische Architektur, Mainz am Rhein, Philipp von Zabern, 1990)