STUDENTS’ DISPREFERRED RESPONSES IN THE ELTE CLASSROOM ALEJANDRO ESTEBAN GÓMEZ HERRERA, 26092246 HENRY ALEXANDER SAAVEDRA MEDELLÍN, 26092245 LUISA FERNANDA GONZÁLEZ NIETO, 26121095 UNIVERSIDAD DE LA SALLE FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIÓN LICENCIATURA EN LENGUA CASTELLANA, INGLÉS Y FRANCÉS BOGOTÁ D.C., JUNIO DE 2017 STUDENTS’ DISPREFERRED RESPONSES IN THE ELTE CLASSROOM ALEJANDRO ESTEBAN GÓMEZ HERRERA, 26092246 HENRY ALEXANDER SAAVEDRA MEDELLÍN, 26092245 LUISA FERNANDA GONZÁLEZ NIETO, 26121095 Trabajo de grado presentado como requisito para optar al título de Licenciado (s) en Lengua Castellana, Inglés y Francés Director EDGAR LUCERO BABATIVA UNIVERSIDAD DE LA SALLE FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIÓN LICENCIATURA EN LENGUA CASTELLANA, INGLÉS Y FRANCÉS BOGOTÁ D.C., JUNIO DE 2017 RECTOR: Hno. ALBERTO PRADA SANMIGUEL VICERRECTOR ACADÉMICO: CARMEN AMALIA CAMACHO, PhD DECANO FACULTAD CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIÓN: GUILLERMO LONDOÑO OROZCO, PhD DIRECTOR DE PROGRAMA: MÉLANY RODRIGUEZ CÁCERES LÍNEA DE INVESTIGACIÓN: EDUCACIÓN, LENGUAJE Y COMUNICACIÓN TEMA DE INVESTIGACIÓN: FORMACIÓN DOCENTE - BILINGUISMO DIRECTOR TRABAJO DE GRADO: EDGAR LUCERO BABATIVA Acknowledgements We thank our research director, Mr. Edgar Lucero. Without his assistance and dedicated involvement in every step throughout the process, this paper would have never been accomplished. We would like to thank him very much for his support and understanding over the last year. Most importantly, none of this could have happened without our families, they have been kind and supportive to us over the last years. This dissertation stands as a demonstration to their unconditional love and encouragement. Abstract This research is about teacher educators’ speech acts and students dispreferred responses in the English language teaching education (ELTE) classroom. The study pursues two objectives: to identify the emergent interaction patterns when teacher educators request pre-service teachers to participate and a dispreferred responses come out, and eventually to determine whether those dispreferred responses have any influence in interactional practices in the ELTE classroom. We used video-recorded observations to collect data, which later we transcribed for being analyzed under Conversation Analysis methodology. Inductive data-driven analysis helps find recurring patterns of interaction. Results indicate that the participant teacher educators have the conception of constantly requesting students for participation through patterns of asking questions or making review of the topics; when this happens, students display what we called pseudo answers with incomplete ideas. We have also found that students do not actively participate or are often passive subjects in the classroom despite this encouragement. Through the dispreferred responses we make evident the factors influencing students’ active participation in classroom in the observed classes. Key words: interaction, participation, speech acts, dispreferred response. Resumen Esta investigación aborda los actos de habla de los educadores de futuros profesores y las respuestas inesperadas de los estudiantes en el salón de clases para la enseñanza de inglés (ELTE). El estudio persigue dos objetivos: identificar los patrones de interacción emergentes cuando el educador de futuros profesores solicita a sus estudiantes participar y una respuesta no deseada aparece y eventualmente determinar si aquellas respuestas no deseadas de los estudiantes tienen alguna influencia en las prácticas de interacción salón de clases para la enseñanza de inglés. Utilizamos observaciones grabadas en video para recopilar datos y posteriormente dichas grabaciones fueron transcritas para ser analizadas bajo la metodología de Análisis de la Conversación. El análisis inductivo basado en los datos recopilados ayuda a encontrar los patrones recurrentes de interacción. Los resultados indican que los educadores de futuros profesores participantes tienen la concepción de pedir a sus estudiantes participar a través de patrones de formulación de preguntas o haciendo revisión de tópicos; cuando esto sucede, los estudiantes exponen lo que nosotros llamamos sudo respuestas con ideas incompletas. También hemos encontrado que los estudiantes no participan activamente o que son a menudo sujetos pasivos en el salón de clases a pesar de los estímulos. A través de las respuestas inesperadas evidenciamos los factores que influyen en la participación activa de los estudiantes en el aula en las clases observadas. Palabras clave: interacción, participación, actos de habla, respuestas no esperadas. Résumé Cette recherche aborde les actes de parole et les réponses inattendues dans les salles de classe d’enseignement aux enseignants d’anglais (ELTE). Les objectifs de cet étude sont deux: identifier les modelés d’interaction émergentes au moment le formateur d’enseignants demande aux futurs enseignants de participer et une réponse inattendue apparait et; déterminer si ces réponses inattendues peuvent influencer les pratiques d’interaction dans la classe d’ELTE. On a utilisé observations enregistrés sur un support vidéo pour recueillir des données, on a utilisé observations enregistrés sur un support vidéo, les données obtenues ont été transcrits pour les analyser avec l’aide de la méthodologie «Conversation Analysis» Analyse des Conversations. Pour recueillir des données, on a utilisé observations enregistrés sur un support vidéo, les données obtenues ont été transcrits pour les analyser avec l’aide de la méthodologie «Conversation Analysis» Analyse des Conversations. L’analyse axée sur les données aide à trouver des schémas d’interaction récurrents. Les résultats montrent que les formateurs d’enseignants demandent régulièrement aux futurs enseignants de participer à travers des patrons pour effectuer des questions ou faire une révision des thématiques, quand ceci arrive, les étudiants expriment des réponses avec des idées incomplètes. Nous avons aussi trouvé que les étudiants ne participent pas activement ou qu’ils sont toujours passifs dans la salle de classe malgré l’encouragement de la part du professeur. Ὰ travers des réponses inattendues, nous démontrerons les facteurs qui influent dans la participation active des étudiants dans la salle de classe des cours observés. Mots clés: Modèles d'interaction, participation, actes de discours, réponses dispréférées. STUDENTS’ DISPREFERRED RESPONSES IN THE ELTE CLASSROOM 1 Students’ Dispreferred Responses in the ELTE Classroom Introduction Language teacher educators have an important task which is to motivate pre-service teachers to improve their skills in a second language, English for this study. The refinement of these skills will let those pre-service teachers to achieve their personal and professional goals and will let them foster better practices in the field of English language teaching education. This article reveals new factors when teaching and learning a second language as it completes previous studies about the interactional role that students and teachers play into the language classrooms. The extent to which students participate in ELTE class activities can vary according to the teacher educators’ dynamics, the context of the lessons, or the classroom setting. The participation is briefed to students’ answers. These responses can be classified in two big groups; preferred and dispreferred. In a wide context, the first are those expected to develop a lesson; for example, students answering the questions asked by the teacher accomplishing some expected parameters, or also a good level of participation for the activities developed in the class. On the other hand, dispreferred responses are the ones that teachers do not expect for the development of their lessons. As pre-service teachers of the BA in Spanish, English and French, Education Sciences Faculty, we are concerned to know not only how our peers are participating in their English language classes in the program, but also the tools or strategies that the teacher educators use for dealing with it. By taking into account this focus, this present study looks to answer the following question: What types of students’ dispreferred responses can be observed after teachers’ speech acts for requesting students’ participation? The research objectives of this study aim to identify the emergent interaction patterns when STUDENTS’ DISPREFERRED RESPONSES IN THE ELTE CLASSROOM 2 teacher educators request pre-service teachers to participate and a dispreferred response comes out, and eventually to determine whether those pre-service teachers’ dispreferred responses have any influence in interactional practices of the ELTE classroom. One of the biggest motivations to conduct a research of this type came up when we noticed that our academic peers in lasts semesters did not much participate actively in the Emphasis classes of the major comparing this situation to students in the first semesters of the major who seem to participate more. That is the main reason why we decided to focus on pre-service teachers, who are students in their last semesters, particularly in the courses for the English Language Emphasis I, II, III and IV. Following one the objectives of the B.A. in Education of la Salle University that look to train competent professionals in the teaching of Spanish as mother tongue and foreign language, and the teaching of English and French as foreign languages with a clear commitment to the educational, political, economic, cultural and social reality of the country, (Universidad de la Salle, 2017) we want to construct new knowledge from our own perspectives, experiences and evidences in order to contribute to the development of new strategies for allowing English language teacher educators to stimulate pre-service teachers to learn, use and improve their skills in a second language, and permeate their academic, personal and professional areas of their lives. Conceptual Framework The foundations developed below allow knowing the basic constructs necessary for the understanding of this project. The constructs developed are; interaction patterns, speech acts, student participation and dispreferred responses. STUDENTS’ DISPREFERRED RESPONSES IN THE ELTE CLASSROOM 3 Interaction patterns. In his book How to Teach English, Harmer (1998) described the commonest interaction types in the English language classroom. These types can vary depending on the activities developed in class. Harmer’s classification is as follows: (T: Teacher; S(s): Student(s))  T - Ss: Teacher talking to the whole class.  T - S: Questions and answers (dialogues) between the teacher and a student.  T - S - S: Teacher initiated dialogues with more than one student.  S - T: Student initiated conversation between a student and the teacher.  S - Ss: One individual student talking to the whole class.  Ss/Ss: Students working in small groups.  S - S: Two students working in pairs.  SS: Students doing their work individually. In his book, these interaction types are displayed through the dynamics that each teacher educator uses during the development of the classes. Matching this with our research context, teacher educators promote pre-service students’ participation through debates, role plays, presentations, questions about specific topics, and more, all in order to create a perfect class scenario. Interaction patterns are repetitive sequences of turns in the interaction between teacher and students in the language classroom (Sinclair & Coulthard, 1975; Cazden, 1986; 1988).In the language classroom, they interact with each other to provide content, learn and use the language, and manage the conversation in the classroom (Johnson, 1995; Van Lier, 1998; Kasper, 2009; Lucero, 2015). Interaction patterns reveal the way in which teachers and students construct conversations for English language learning; for example adjacency STUDENTS’ DISPREFERRED RESPONSES IN THE ELTE CLASSROOM 4 pairs (Markee, 1995), minimal pairs (Hutch, 2006), and the initiation-response- evaluation/feedback (IRE/F) sequence (Sinclair & Coulthard, 1975; Cazden, 1988). Interaction patterns have a direct relationship with the next concept that is going to be developed because it establishes the dynamics that both, teacher educators and pre- service teacher set for the development of the lessons. Speech acts. A definition of speech act is taken from Milleret (2007) she says that a speech act is an utterance that serves some function in communication. Previously Cohen (2006) stated that Speech acts are often (but not always) patterned, routinized utterances that speakers use to perform language functions, such as thanking, complimenting, requesting, refusing, apologizing, and complaining. In the 40’s, J. L. Austin exposed his studies that were published in 1962 after his death. According to Austin, by producing a speech act, three dimensions are simultaneously activated, these are: A locutive act: which is the physical act of issuing the statement. This act is in itself a complex activity, which in turn comprises three different types of acts: o Phonic act: the act of emitting certain sounds; o Phatic act: the act of emitting words in a structured grammatical sequence; o Rhetic act: the act of issuing the grammatical sequences with a certain sense. An illocutionary act or intention (the realization of a communicative function, such as affirming, promising, etc.). A perlocutive act or effect (the (re) action that causes such emission in the interlocutor, such as convincing, interesting, calming, etc.) (Centro Virtual Cervantes, 2017).