Malestrom Major Rivers N am e Nile Amazon Chang (Yangtze) Mississippi-Missouri Continent Africa South America Asia Nort h America Outfl ow Mediterranean Sea Atlantic Ocean East China Sea Gulf of Mexico Total Length (mi.) 4,1 60 4,000 3,964 3,710 Major Deserts Name Sahara Gobi Libya n Sonoran Continent Africa Asia Africa No rt h America Oceans Area (sq. m i.) 3,500 ,000 500,000 450,000 120,000 Arctic Ocean Area: 5,426 ,000 sq. mi. Coastline: 28 ,209 mi. Average Depth: 3,407 ft. Indian Ocean Atlantic Ocean Area: 3 1,736,000 sq. mi . Coastline: 69,525 mi. Average Depth: 11,730 ft. Pacific Ocean Area: Coastli ne: Average Depth: 28,410,000 sq. mi. 4 1,346 mi. 12,598 ft Area: Coastline : Average Depth: 63,838,000 sq. mi. 84,315 mi. 12,925 ft. Highest Elevations M ountain Peak Name Place Height (ft.) Con tinen t Kilimanjaro Tanzania 19,340 Africa Vinson Massif Antarctica 16,864 Antarctica Everest Nepal-Tibet 29,035 Asia Kosciusko Australia 7,310 Austral ia Elbrus Russia 18,510 Europe Mc Kin ley Alaska, U.S. 20,320 North America Aconcagua Argentina 22,834 South America Lowest Elevations Copynght © 2005 by MapQue st. Inc All rig~ t s reserved Lowest Poin t Name Lake AssaI Bentley Subglacial T renc h Dead Sea Lake Eyre Cas pian Sea Death Valley Valdes Penin sula Place Djib outi Antarctica Israel-Jordan Aust ralia Russia-Azerbaijan Californ ia, U.S. Argentina Depth Below Sea Level (ft.) 512 8,327* 1,310 52 92 282 131 ' Estimated Continen t Africa Antarctica Asia Aus tralia Europe North America South America - Published by Copynght © 2005 by Meprxest. Inc. All nqhts reserved. While everycare has been taken to trace and acknowledge copy­ right, the publishers tender their apologies for anyaccidental infringement wherecopynqht hasproved untraceable. Allnghts reserved. No part of thrs book may be reproduced or trans­ mitt ed In any form by any means electronic, mechanical, or other ­ Wise, whether now or hereafter devised. including photocopying, recording, or byanyInformation and retrieval system, without espress written prior permission from the Publisher. Acknowledgements. "How to use this Atlas" written by ElspethLeacock MeXICOStatecoat of arms on page 76. © 200J mextcan-Ilaq.com Photographs on pages 24-25 (Deserts, Nature, China/Tibet. Alaska, Brazu,Arctic). 26-27 (Landscapes. Nature, Australia, China/ Tibet), 59 (rivers), 60--61(nature, Landscapes, Hawaii, Caribbean), 62-63 (Arctic) Copynqbt © 2005 Corel corp. and their suppliers. Photographs on pages 26-27 1V01.16,44, 74), 60-61 1V01. 16, 44). 62-<>3 1V01. 16, 44) Copyright © 2005 Pbotolxsc. Inc. Photograph on page 42 (Wright brother's flight) Copynght © 2005 NASA Photographs on pages 58, 62-63 (Southern California) Ccpynqbt © 2005 Drqital StockCorp. Photograph on page 62 (Rockiespring) Copynghl © 2005 Freestockphotos ccm Pnotcqraphs on pages68--69 No!.194) Copynqbr © 2005 Corbrs Corp. • World Facts and Figures Inside front cover Using This Atlas .4- 5 Legend 6 Map Scale 7 Latitudeand Longitude 8-9 Different Kinds of Maps 10-11 Our SolarSystem 12- 13 World Physical 14- 15 World Political 16- 17 Ocean Floor 18- 19 Dynamic Earth Earthquakes 20 Volcanoes 21 Continental Drift 22-23 World Climate 24-25 World Vegetation 26-27 World Environment World Forest Cover 28 Tropical Rain Forests 29 World Population Population Density 30-3 1 Population Projections 30 World Population Life Expectancy: 1999, 2025 32 Youthful Population 33 Food and Nutrition 33 World Culture Languages 34 Literacy 34 Religions 35 Historical Spread of Religions 35 World Land Use , 36-37 Industrial Employment 36 Agricultural,Employment 37 World Resources Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal 38-39 Major Minerals 38-39 Electrical Energy Production 39 World Communications Television Receivers .40 Newspaper Circulation .41 Personal Computers .41 Cellular Communications .41 World Transportation Time Zones .42 Major Airports .43 .. North America Political .44 North America Physica l .45 North America Themes Population Density .46 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) .47 Land Use 47 Climate .48 Precipitation .48 Vegetation .49 Environmental Issues: Deforestation, Desertification, Acid Rain .49 United States Political 50-51 United States Political Facts 52-53 United States Physical 54-55 United States Physical Facts 56-57 Geographic Features Continental Divide 58 U.S. Earthquakes 58 Fall Line 59 Faults 59 United States Climate 60-61 United States Vegetation 62-63 United States Land Use 64-65 United States Resources 66-67 United States Transportation: Road, Railroads, Airports . .68-69 United States Population Population Density 70-71 Distribution of Population by Region: 1900, 1950,2000 70 Center of Population 71 Percent Change in State Population, 1990-2000 .71 United States Economy Per Capita Income 72.-73 Persons Below the Poverty Level .73 Canada Political 74 Canada Physical .75 Mexico Political 76 Mexico Physical 77 South America Political .78 South America Physical 79 South America Themes Population Density 80 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 81 Land Use 81 Climate 82 Precipitation 82 South America Themes, continued Environmental Issues: Deforestation, Desertification 83 84 Europe Political 85 Europe Themes Population Density Europe Physical 86 87 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Land Use 87 Climate 88 Precipitation 88 Vegetat ion 89 Environmental Issues: Deforestation, Desertification, Acid Rain 89 Africa Political 90 Africa Physical 91 Africa Themes Population Density 92 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 93 Land Use 93 Climate 94 Precipitation 94 Vegetation 95 Environmental Issues: Deforestation, Desertification 95 Asia Political 96 Asia Physical 97 Asia Themes Population Density 98 Gross Domestic Product (GDPr 99 Land Use 99 Climate 100 Precipitation 100 Veqetation> 101 -, Environmental Issues: Deforestation, Desertification, Acid Rain ; 101 Australia and Oceania Political 102 . ...r" Australia and Oceania Physical 103 Australia and-Oceania Themes Population Density 104 105 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Land Use 105 Climate 106 Precipitation 106 Vegetation 107 Environmental Issues: Deforestation, Desertification 107 Index 108- 112 Vegetat ion 83 Geographic Glossary Inside back cover • AN ATLAS is a collection of Finding Direction maps that can be To find directi ons use th e map's compass rose. used to find information abo ut your world. The You can also lise lines oflatitude and longi tude very latest data has been collected to make these to find direction. Every line oflongitude points E maps. Hundreds of sat ellite images were used to -w4 north and south. Every line oflati tud e points map th e dramatic shrinking of Earth's forests. 5 east and west. You can learn more about latitude The latest cens us data from each and every coun­ and longitude on pages 8-9. try was used to build a picture of Eart h's current population. The most recent scienti fic research Reading Map Symbols was used to create th em atic maps of continental Every map symbol shows the locati on ofsome­ drift, th e ocea n floor, th e environme nt and our thing. It could be something as large as a conti­ natural resources. Look closely an d you will see nent or as small as a bird-house. A dot that th e informat ion for th e map s comes from shows th e location of a city. A blue line many different so urces such as NASA, th e U.S. shows the course of a river. But map Department of th e Interior or th e World Bank. symbols are not the same on all maps. You can use th ese map s to explore your world, One map m ight show a city with a discover connections between places, and see square. Map legends or keys help relation ships between places and peoples. explain the symbols used on a map. But thi s atlas is more than just a wealth of You can find out more about legends information . It is fun to look at to o. You will and th e map symbo ls used in this atlas find that th ese ma ps and ph otographs can evoke on page 6. images of far away places. They invite you to pause and to dream. With a map you can journey th e world without ever getting wet, cold, tired or Special Features of this Atlas hungry. You can imagine great adven tures and not leave th e comfort of your favorite chair! This atl as has been designed and organized to be easy for you to use. Here is a "road map" to your To get th e most out of this atlas you need to atlas. know how to read maps. Just as you learned to read words like th e ones on thi s page, you can The Blue Tab Bar learn how to read th e lan guage of maps. The Somewhere along the top blue tab bar of each map skills you need to kn ow are: spread you will see a darker blue tab . It tells you 1. locating places 2. measuring distance 3. finding direction 4. reading map symbols Locating Places To find places in thi s atlas, you can begin with th e subject of the map or ma ps you are looking th e index. To find Dallas follow th ese steps. at. The light blue tabs tell you the subjects of the CUlCO, Peru 78 13'32'5 71'S6'W 1. Look up Dallas in th e index at th e sur rounding map spreads. If, for example, you Cyclades,Islands 85 37'OO'N 2S'OO'E Cyprus,country, 96 3S'OO'N 33' OO'E end of thi s book. are looking at the World Climate map and would Cyprus, Island 97 3S'OO'N 33'OO'E Cyrenaica,region 91 2S'OO'N 24'OO'E 2. The index tells you that Dallas is a like to co mpare it to the World Vegeta tio n map, Czech Reo.. country 84 49'OO'N lS'OO'E city in Texas and that it can be you can use the tabs to find that map quickly found on page 50. You will also and easily. 90 14' 42'N 17'27'W learn that Dallas is located at Dallas, TX 50 32'47'N 96' 48'W Dalmatia, region 85 44' 00'N 16'0 0'E 32 °4 7'N (32 degrees 47 minutes Map Skills Dernareland, region 91 21'00'5 19'OO'E Damascus, SYria 96 3J'J l' N 36' 18'E north) and 96° 48' W (96 degrees 48 Look at the blue tab bar above and you will see d'Ambre, Cap,cape 91 12' 00'5 48'00'E DaNang,Vietnam 96 16' OJ'N 108' 12'E minutes wesr.) that you are in the map skills section. This sec­ Danube, nver 85 49' OO'N 10' OO'E DanubeDelta, delta 85 4S' OO'N 29'OO'E 3. Go to page 50 and find th e line of tion should be called "Read Me First " because it Derdeoel'es.st-e« 85 40'OO'N 27'OO'E Dares Salaam, Tanzania 90 6'49'5 39' 17'E latitude nearest to th e number is here that you will fin d all sorts of helpful Darling, fiver 103 Jl 'OO'S 144'00' E 32 °N and th e line oflongitude information about maps and how to read them. nearest to th e number 96 °W. You will find Even if you are a practiced map reader, read this Dallas close to where th ose two lines meet. You section ! can learn more about latitude and longitude on pages 8- 9. The Wo rl d • reneda In th is section you will find a world poli tical Measuring Distance map, a world physical map, an d 35 world the­ To measure distance most maps have a distan ce matic maps. T he world political map shows the o 200 400mi scale. You can learn more abo ut measuring dis­ most up to date na tional boundaries. On the 6 260 '400 km ' tan ce on page 7. world physical map you can see huge deserts, Dakar, Senega! great mountain ranges, and even th e sea ice that covers much of th e Arcti c. The th ematic maps include the most up to date mforrnanon on everything from the world distribunon of com puters and televisions to life expectancy, religion and literacy. If you want to see the ocean floor, or to find wh ere 111 the world vol­ canoes fo rm , this IS the sec tion to look in. Contin ents The continent units are designed to all have the same kinds of map s. This will enable you to compare and contrast one continenr with another with ease and accuracy. There ISa political map, a ph ysical map, and a to tal of seven thematic maps per co n tinen t. Used individ ually each map can provide answers to many qu estions. But all together, each set of maps can be used to tell a story. Fi e! ._ 1 Van c o~ * .\ N ~~;~; : 0" T"c~ " . • .( Portlafld. - ..."1:: Im agine a journ ey cro ssmg a continen t. You can see the regions vrsired, the rnounrams climbed, or the deserts crossed. You can tell if many people are passed along the way or few. You can describe the acnvin cs of the people. Will you see nuners or ranc he rs or farmers? And you can tell about the different climates experienced along the way. All of rhrs informa­ tion and more is on th e maps for every conn­ nent but Antarctica. Environm ental Issues There ISa special "Environmental Issues" feature for each continent and one for the world. To create these features the latest SCIentific informan on was gathered and orga­ nized for yo u. The topiCScover th e three major environmental Issues faced by crn zcn s today, desertifica­ tion, deforestati on, and acid ram. t P The United States L.- oston In the section on the Umred States NY MA you will find a political map WIth T 1\ two pages of poliucal facts, a physi­ cal map With two pages of physical facts, and seven themanc map spreads . Canada and Mexico Ca nada and Mexico both have their own spreads that include a political and physical map. Geographic Features There are two special "Geographic Features" mcluded in this atlas. To find out how the continen ts, Earth's greatest land features, have been drifnng arou nd the globe, turn to pages 22 -23. To take an 1t1 de pth look at fall line s, divides, and fau lts turn to the United States Geographic Features spread on pages 58-59. Charts and Graphs \1. This atlas IS filled With charts, graphs and dia­ grams. They are used to gIve more information about su bjects shown on th e maps. To make these charts and graphs, long lists of the most up to date data was gathered. Then all those numbers were o rganized into graphic disp lays th at can be read sim ply and acc ura tely. -- Consumpt ion 5 ] 10 f-- -:7"'S,£-- """"= '----.:::>---.-E. 5 f'-----+-~"'----- 20 -----~ i;­ Line graphs are used to show l 1 change in amounts over time. o ~ 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 IA $2.679 NC $1,624 Bar graphs are used to com­ MN $1,083 pare amounts. IL $762 NE $640 IN $545 Pie chart s show percentages of a total. Glossary There are many geographic terms found on maps such as fjord, isthmus, or plateau. You can find th e meaning of th ese and other terms in the geographic glossary located on the inside back cover. Thestaffat Mapquestworked hard to make thisatlas a referencebook that isbothfull ofinformation and fun and ea.ry touse. We hopethatyou enjoy your copy. The followi ng sym bols are used here for general referen ce map s. Map s Legend with special subjects (thematic map s) have their own ul1lqu e legends. General Reference Maps National capital Other capital * Other city International boundary (political map) International boundary in dispute/undefined (political map) State or provincial boundary International boundary (physical map) International boundary in dispute (physical map) D Nonsubject area Mountain peak Lowest point = Perennial lake Intermitt ent lake Perennial river Falls Physical Maps Legend Pack ice --Ft3==~----::;?("---;;;;:r\l, .0 M o unt ain s-+-----"~ Oceans and seas Arid lands - --'=+~+-f-- or: -7~~'"-:---t-- Tundra ..~£-..:..~__;=.",.:r_---+- Grassl ands +--."".,.v A globe IS the most accurate picture of the Earth. Only a globe can show distan ce, directi on, Projections an d the true shape and area ofland and sea. Map makers struggle with how to sho w th e ro und world on a flat map . Imagine the Earth as a large balloon. \ Cut it apart, andflatten it ~\ to make a map. To show th e ro und Earrh on flat pap er, mapmakers used different projections, or ways ofjsho wmg a round sha pe on a flat surface. With every projection the shapes of places are changed somewhat. This IScalled distortion. To find distortion, you can com pare the latitude and lon gitude lines of a map to th ose same lines on a globe. Projections - Making the Round World Flat Robinson Projection Arthur Rob in son, an American map mak er, wanted to develop a map proj ectIOn that "loo ked" n ght. T his projection uses ma ny distortions bu t none are Significant. You can see rhis by co m pa n ng one of th e large scale World map s m this atlas to a globe. Ice caps Forests Mercator Projection Gerardus Merca tor, a Dutch mapmaker, wanted a map proj ection th at sho wed directi on and shape accurately. The problems with drst orrron s are mo re ob vIOUSon rlus projection. You can see th at the lan d areas are very distorted the closer to th e pol es th at you get. So, this projection ended up grearly distorting distan ce and size. Thisdiagram showshowa Mercatorprojection distortsthe sizesofplaces. Compare Greenland on the map and the globe. Azimuthal Projection This ISa projecti on used to sh ow Antarctica and the Arctic. Azim uthal map s show directi on and dis tance accurately, if measured from th e center of the map. But, other distances, shape and size are distorted. r: Changing Scale T he large scale map of New York 's lower Manharran (top) sh ows a small area with a large amounr of derail. T he small scale m ap of New York State (bottom) is a large area with a small amounr of detail. Map Scale o 2 miles IJ 11I1111111111111111111111111 111 inches One inch represe nts 1mile , i , i i I o 10 20 30 40 50 kilometers WlllllllllIIIIIIII11111111111~111111111~1111 1 " 1 centimeters One centimeter represen ts 10 kilometers Latitude and Longitude Since an cient times, mapmak ers, geographers, and navigarors have worked to develop a system for accu rately locatin g places on th e Eart h. O n a sphe re, such as the Earth , the re are no co rne rs or sides, no beginrung or end. But since the Earth rotates on an axis, th ere are two fixed points: th e North Pole and the South Pole. These pomts mak e a good start ing place for a system of imaginary lin es. These imaginary line s form a grId over th e Earth, allowmg us w pmpOlnt the exact location of any SpOt on the Eart h. This spherical grid IScalled the graticule. It is formed by lines called latitude and longitude. 90 NORTH POLE 0N EQUATOR 0° I----t----I-~---'----l 0° 90°5 SOUTH POLE Longitude Running fro m pole to pole, lmes of longitude-ccal led m eridi a ns- circle th e glob e In a north-south direcnon. As In any circle or sphere, th ere are 360 degrees (0) oflong itu de. The meridian s are numbered from the Prim e Meridian wlnch 90 0 W 90 0E W up to 180°.The lnternanc nal Date Line generally follows th e 180 ° meridian , IS labeled 0 °. Meridians east 1800 or west of th e Prime Meridran are labeled E or rnakmg a few Jogs to aVOId cuttll1g throu gh land areas. NORTH POLE / Meridians of Longitude Parallels of Latitude I The Graticule Latitude Halfway between the poles the equator CIrcles th e globe 111an east­ west directio n. Latitude IS measured in degrees north or south of the equaw r, whi ch IS0 degrees (0). Lines of latitude are called parallels becau se th ey circle th e globe parallel to the eq uato r. Parallels are numbered from 0 ° at th e Equ ator to 90 °N at the No rt b Pole an d 90 °S at the So uth Pole . 180° International Date Line - 0° Prime Meridian Parallels and Meridians-The Fads ~--'-I-+ Parallels 160'140'120"100"80' 60" 40' 20' 0' , / ,- I · are lines oflatitude used to measure location nor th or south of the Equator 60"'--" ­ NORTH EU RO PE · are always th e same dista nce apart (about 70 miles) AMERICA J _ · differ III leng th 40' · The Equato r, the lon gest parallel, IS almost 25,000 miles lon g EOU~T()R Meridi ans · are lines of longitude used to measure location east or west of th e Prime 20' Meri d ian I " · meet at th e poles 40"'->'" · are all th e same length 60' 20" 4W 60" 80' 100"120' 140' 160 I i­ +---­ AUSTRALIA Degrees, Minutes, Seconds A degree (0) of latitude o r lon gitude can be divrded mto 60 part s called minutes (' ). Each minute can be drvided in to 60 seco nds (") . T he diagram at tIght IS an exa m p le of a place loca ted to t he nearest secon d. It is writt en as: 42° 21 ' 30 " N 7 1° 03 ' 37 " W • Th is place IS City cen ter, Boston, Massachusetts. The index a t the back of this Atlas uses degrees and m in utes oflatitude and lon gitude to help yo u find places. Which way north... The geograp hic No rt h a nd South Poles are fixed points located at each end of the Eart h 's axis. T he Ear th 's magn etic fields cause th e needle of a co m pa ss to POlllt toward ma gn eti c no rth, not geog raphic north. The north magn etic po le IS locat ed in th e nor th ern territo ries of Canada. T he so ut h magn eti c pole IS loca ted nea r th e coast of An ta rctica. T he ma gn eti c po les are co ns tan tly movlllg. NORTH POLE SOUTH POLE Different Kinds of Maps Maps are special pictures of places on Earth. All maps are alike in th ese lmportam ways: • All maps are a view from abo ve • All maps show selected information usm g symbols • All maps are smaller than th e real place on Earth thar th ey show. Because peop le want to sho w many different dungs on Eart h, th ey create man y d ifferent kinds of map s. Physical Maps ~~~~~~=~ The purpose ofa physical map is to show th e ph ysical or natural " ~ World. Physical maps show -1'" '" landforms and bodi es of _':; ~ _. water. We use physical '..... - map s to locate rivers and mountains, ocean cu rrents and wind patterns . A US' ~ . 11 - Thematic, or Special Purpose Maps NEU ' GU INEA AUSTRALIA Vegetatio n • M ap • Historic Route Map Continental • Drift Map / Gross Domestic Product • (GOP) Map EJUTk £.\ • """~ . SUDAN PACIFIC OCEAN CHAD as NIGI;; R M ALJ St Joh n $ tangIer """ . • eo........ c:>c MO Jl.OCl"t) , '''. J '\5·r. 5..11.., & 1M ..,...." @ CAPI- . M A U R IT A N IA • \'£ RD~ .• · 0....... 0 GAM rH : SU H !G AL Population • Density Map These maps show a specific subject (rhe me) o r very limired number of subjects (such as population d en sity, climate or historical topics). They can be used to sho w distributions and relat ionsh ip s among map features. This page contains exam ples of the ma ny ~ typesof maps to be found through out th e ... Student Atlasofthe World. AL I A S T