STRUCTURES OF AGENCY This page intentionally left blank S T R U C T U R E S O F A G E N C Y Essays Michael E. Bratman 1 2007 1 OxfordUniversityPress,Inc.,publishesworksthatfurther OxfordUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellence inresearch,scholarship,andeducation. Oxford NewYork Auckland CapeTown DaresSalaam HongKong Karachi KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Nairobi NewDelhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto Withofficesin Argentina Austria Brazil Chile CzechRepublic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore SouthKorea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright#2007byOxfordUniversityPress,Inc. PublishedbyOxfordUniversityPress,Inc. 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NewYork10016 www.oup.com OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPress. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise, withoutthepriorpermissionofOxfordUniversityPress. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Bratman,Michael. Structuresofagency:essays/MichaelE.Bratman. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN-13978-0-19-518770-0;978-0-19-518771-7(pbk.) ISBN0-19-518770-9;0-19-518771-7(pbk.) 1. Intentionality(Philosophy) 2. Autonomy(Philosophy) 3. Agent(Philosophy) I. Title. B105.I56B742006 128'.4—dc22 2006043776 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica onacid-freepaper For Susan, Gregory, and Scott This page intentionally left blank Contents 1. Introduction 3 Part I Planning, Temporally Extended Agency, and Self-Governance 2. Reflection, Planning, and Temporally Extended Agency 21 3. Valuing and the Will 47 4. Hierarchy, Circularity, and Double Reduction 68 5. Two Problems about Human Agency 89 6. Nozick on Free Will 106 Appendix: Nozick, Free Will, and the Problem of Agential Authority 127 7. A Desire of One’s Own 137 8. Autonomy and Hierarchy 162 9. Three Forms of Agential Commitment: Reply to Cullity and Gerrans 187 10. Planning Agency, Autonomous Agency 195 11. Three Theories of Self-Governance 222 Part II Extending the Theory 12. Temptation Revisited 257 13. Shared Valuing and Frameworks for Practical Reasoning 283 Index 311 This page intentionally left blank STRUCTURES OF AGENCY