Related titles FatigueinComposites:ScienceandTechnologyoftheFatigueResponseofFibre-Reinforced Plastics (ISBN978-1-85573-608-5) FatigueLifePredictionofCompositesandCompositeStructures (ISBN978-1-84569-525-5) FailureMechanismsinPolymerMatrixComposites (ISBN978-1-84569-750-1) Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering: Number 68 Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) in Aerospace Structures Edited by Fuh-Gwo Yuan AMSTERDAM(cid:129)BOSTON(cid:129)CAMBRIDGE(cid:129)HEIDELBERG LONDON(cid:129)NEWYORK(cid:129)OXFORD(cid:129)PARIS(cid:129)SANDIEGO SANFRANCISCO(cid:129)SINGAPORE(cid:129)SYDNEY(cid:129)TOKYO WoodheadPublishingisanimprintofElsevier WoodheadPublishingisanimprintofElsevier TheOfficers’MessBusinessCentre,RoystonRoad,Duxford,CB224QH,UK 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,USA TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OX51GB,UK Copyright©2016ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans, electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageand retrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseek permission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandour arrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyright LicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyright bythePublisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchand experiencebroadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices, ormedicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgein evaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribed herein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyand thesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors, assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterof productsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods, products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISBN:978-0-08-100148-6(print) ISBN:978-0-08-100158-5(online) ForinformationonallWoodheadPublishingpublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/ Publisher:MatthewDeans AcquisitionEditor:GwenJones EditorialProjectManager:JoshBennett ProductionProjectManager:DebasishGhosh Designer:GregHarris TypesetbyTNQBooksandJournals List of contributors J. Chiachío University of Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva, Granada, Spain M. Chiachío University of Granada,Campus de Fuentenueva, Granada, Spain M.M. Derriso Air Force Research Laboratory,Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, United States K. Goebel NASA Ames Research Center, Intelligent Systems Division, Moffett Field, United States M. Hong The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong W. Huang NationalInstitute ofAerospace, Hampton, VA, United States; NorthCarolina State University, Raleigh, NC,UnitedStates X. Jiang NorthCarolina State University, Raleigh, NC,UnitedStates F. Li Electronic Materials Research Laboratory,Xi’anJiaotongUniversity, Xi’an, China Y.Y. Lim Civil Engineering, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore NSW, Australia P. Liu Korea Advanced Instituteof Science andTechnology, Daejeon, Korea C.D. McCurry Booz Allen Hamilton, Dayton, OH, United States J.E.Michaels Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States Y. Okabe The University ofTokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo,Japan P.F. Pai University ofMissouri, Columbia, MO,UnitedStates S. Palagummi North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States; National Instituteof Aerospace, Hampton, VA,UnitedStates R.W. Ross NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, United States A. Saxena General Electric Global Research, San Ramon, UnitedStates C.M.SchubertKabban AirForceInstituteofTechnology,Wright-PattersonAFB, OH, United States xii Listofcontributors C.-K.Soh SchoolofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,NanyangTechnological University, Singapore H. Sohn KoreaAdvanced Instituteof Science andTechnology,Daejeon, Korea Z. Su The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Z. Tian University ofSouthCarolina,Columbia, SC, United States Q. Wu The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan T.-B. Xu National Instituteof Aerospace, Exploration Way, Hampton, VA, UnitedStates F.P. Yu Institute ofCrystal Materials, Shandong University, Ji’nan, China L. Yu University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States F.-G.Yuan NationalInstitute ofAerospace, Hampton, VA, United States; NorthCarolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States J. Zhang University of Bristol, Bristol, UnitedKingdom S.J.Zhang MaterialsResearchInstitute,PennsylvaniaStateUniversity,University Park,PA, United States Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering 1 Thermoplasticaromaticpolymercomposites F.N.Cogswell 2 Designandmanufactureofcompositestructures G.C.Eckold 3 Handbookofpolymercompositesforengineers EditedbyL.C.Hollaway 4 Optimisationofcompositestructuresdesign A.Miravete 5 Short-fibrepolymercomposites EditedbyS.K.DeandJ.R.White 6 Flow-inducedalignmentincompositematerials EditedbyT.D.PapthanasiouandD.C.Guell 7 Thermosetresinsforcomposites CompiledbyTechnolex 8 Microstructuralcharacterisationoffibre-reinforcedcomposites EditedbyJ.Summerscales 9 Compositematerials F.L.MatthewsandR.D.Rawlings 10 3-Dtextilereinforcementsincompositematerials EditedbyA.Miravete 11 Pultrusionforengineers EditedbyT.Starr 12 Impactbehaviouroffibre-reinforcedcompositematerialsandstructures EditedbyS.R.ReidandG.Zhou 13 Finiteelementmodellingofcompositematerialsandstructures F.L.Matthews,G.A.O.Davies,D.HitchingsandC.Soutis 14 Mechanicaltestingofadvancedfibrecomposites EditedbyG.M.Hodgkinson 15 Integrateddesignandmanufactureusingfibre-reinforcedpolymericcomposites EditedbyM.J.OwenandI.A.Jones 16 Fatigueincomposites EditedbyB.Harris 17 Greencomposites EditedbyC.Baillie 18 Multi-scalemodellingofcompositematerialsystems EditedbyC.SoutisandP.W.R.Beaumont 19 Lightweightballisticcomposites EditedbyA.Bhatnagar xiv WoodheadPublishingSeriesinCompositesScienceandEngineering 20 Polymernanocomposites Y.-W.MaiandZ.-Z.Yu 21 Propertiesandperformanceofnatural-fibrecomposite EditedbyK.Pickering 22 Ageingofcomposites EditedbyR.Martin 23 Tribologyofnaturalfiberpolymercomposites N.ChandandM.Fahim 24 Wood-polymercomposites EditedbyK.O.NiskaandM.Sain 25 Delaminationbehaviourofcomposites EditedbyS.Sridharan 26 Scienceandengineeringofshortfibrereinforcedpolymercomposites S.-Y.Fu,B.LaukeandY.-M.Mai 27 Failureanalysisandfractographyofpolymercomposites E.S.Greenhalgh 28 Management,recyclingandreuseofwastecomposites EditedbyV.Goodship 29 Materials,designandmanufacturingforlightweightvehicles EditedbyP.K.Mallick 30 Fatiguelifepredictionofcompositesandcompositestructures EditedbyA.P.Vassilopoulos 31 Physicalpropertiesandapplicationsofpolymernanocomposites EditedbyS.C.TjongandY.-W.Mai 32 Creepandfatigueinpolymermatrixcomposites EditedbyR.M.Guedes 33 Interfaceengineeringofnaturalfibrecompositesformaximumperformance EditedbyN.E.Zafeiropoulos 34 Polymer-carbonnanotubecomposites EditedbyT.McNallyandP.P€otschke 35 Non-crimpfabriccomposites:Manufacturing,propertiesandapplications EditedbyS.V.Lomov 36 Compositereinforcementsforoptimumperformance EditedbyP.Boisse 37 Polymermatrixcompositesandtechnology R.Wang,S.ZengandY.Zeng 38 Compositejointsandconnections EditedbyP.CamanhoandL.Tong 39 Machiningtechnologyforcompositematerials EditedbyH.Hocheng 40 Failuremechanismsinpolymermatrixcomposites EditedbyP.Robinson,E.S.GreenhalghandS.Pinho 41 Advancesinpolymernanocomposites:Typesandapplications EditedbyF.Gao 42 Manufacturingtechniquesforpolymermatrixcomposites(PMCs) EditedbyS.AdvaniandK.-T.Hsiao 43 Non-destructiveevaluation(NDE)ofpolymermatrixcomposites:Techniques andapplications EditedbyV.M.Karbhari WoodheadPublishingSeriesinCompositesScienceandEngineering xv 44 Environmentallyfriendlypolymernanocomposites:Types,processing andproperties S.S.Ray 45 Advancesinceramicmatrixcomposites EditedbyI.M.Low 46 Ceramicnanocomposites EditedbyR.BanerjeeandI.Manna 47 Naturalfibrecomposites:Materials,processesandproperties EditedbyA.HodzicandR.Shanks 48 Residualstressesincompositematerials EditedbyM.Shokrieh 49 Healthandenvironmentalsafetyofnanomaterials:Polymernanocomposites andothermaterialscontainingnanoparticles EditedbyJ.Njuguna,K.PielichowskiandH.Zhu 50 Polymercompositesintheaerospaceindustry EditedbyP.E.IrvingandC.Soutis 51 Biofiberreinforcementincompositematerials EditedbyO.FarukandM.Sain 52 Fatigue andfractureof adhesively-bondedcompositejoints: Behaviour,simulation andmodelling EditedbyA.P.Vassilopoulos 53 Fatigueoftextilecomposites EditedbyV.CarvelliandS.V.Lomov 54 Woodcomposites EditedbyM.P.Ansell 55 Tougheningmechanismsincompositematerials EditedbyQ.QinandJ.Ye 56 Advancesincompositesmanufacturingandprocessdesign EditedbyP.Boisse 57 Structural integrity and durability of advanced composites: Innovative modelling methodsandintelligentdesign EditedbyP.W.R.Beaumont,C.SoutisandA.Hodzic 58 Recentadvancesinsmartself-healingpolymersandcomposites EditedbyG.LiandH.Meng 59 Manufacturingofnanocompositeswithengineeringplastics EditedbyV.Mittal 60 Fillersandreinforcementsforadvancednanocomposites EditedbyY.Dong,R.UmerandA.Kin-TakLau 61 Biocomposites:Designandmechanicalperformance EditedbyM.Misra,J.K.PandeyandA.K.Mohanty 62 Numericalmodellingoffailureinadvancedcompositematerials EditedbyP.P.CamanhoandS.R.Hallett 63 Marineapplicationsofadvancedfibre-reinforcedcomposites EditedbyJ.Graham-JonesandJ.Summerscales 64 Smart composite coatings and membranes: Transport, structural, environmental andenergyapplications EditedbyM.F.Montemor 65 Modellingdamage,fatigueandfailureofcompositematerials EditedbyR.TalrejaandJ.Varna xvi WoodheadPublishingSeriesinCompositesScienceandEngineering 66 Advancedfibrouscompositematerialsforballisticprotection EditedbyX.Chen 67 Lightweightcompositestructuresintransport EditedbyJ.Njuguna 68 Structuralhealthmonitoring(SHM)inaerospacestructures EditedbyF.-G.Yuan 69 Dynamicdeformationandfractureincompositematerialsandstructures EditedbyV.Silberschmidt Preface Over the last twenty years the area of Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) has been experiencingspectacularprogress.Thisprogresscanbewitnessedbythemanyinter- nationalconferences,workshopsandseveralnewlyestablishedjournalsregardingthis topic.Theapplicationshavealsoexpandedfromaerospace,civilandmechanicalstruc- tures, now to essentially all other types of critical structures including those in the nuclear, marine, and wind turbine industries. ThewidespreadadoptionofSHMinaerospacestructurescouldenhancesafetyand reliability,whiledecreasingdowntime,operatingandmaintenancecosts.Thesecosts increase asaircraft age and are estimated to reach about a quarter ofthe fleets’oper- ating costs. SHM includes an integrated network system of sensors which monitor structuralcomponents.Thissystemcouldhavefutureapplicationsinthehealthofelec- tronics,hydraulics, avionicsand other components inflight systems. The SHM field encompasses trans-disciplinary areas including smart materials, sensors and actuators, damage diagnosis and prognosis, signal and image processing algorithms, wireless intelligent sensing, data fusion, self-healing and energy harvest- ing. This book will focus on how SHM techniques are applied to aircraft structures withparticularemphasisonthestructuresmadebycompositematerials.Ihaveinvited leadingexpertsfromindustry,academiaandgovernmentresearchagenciestoprovide the currentstate-of-the-art and future perspectives inthis specific area of research. Thebookcoversrecentcutting-edgeresearchdevelopmentsandnewtechnologies inSHM,inparticularinaerospacestructures,andisdividedintofourmainparts.The firstpart,consistingofthefirsttwochapters,willprovideanoverviewofSHMtech- nologiesthatarebeingusedinindustry,academia,andgovernment-suppotedresearch laboratories.ThefirstchapterfocusesonhowIntegratedVehicleHealthManagement (IVHM) and Integrated Systems Health Management (ISHM) would extend health monitoringbeyondstructurestoincludetheentirevehicle.Thesecondpartconsisting ofsixchapterswillbedevotedtosmartmaterialsandstructuresinsensors,actuators andenergyharvestingdevices.Piezoelectricmaterialswillbediscussedwithfocuson applicationsincryogenicandhigh-temperatureenvironments.Thetopicofopticalfi- bersensingwillcenteronrecentdevelopmentinultrasonicdamagedetection.Anew sensing material, called flexoelectric material, will be introduced, followed by recent advancesinstraingradientsensing.Twomechanismsforharvestingvibrationenergy areseparatelydiscussedintwochaptersforpoweringwirelesssensors:firstusingelec- tromechanicaltransductionfrompiezoelectricmaterials,andsecondusingelectromag- netictransduction from diamagnetic levitation.