STRABISMUS AND OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS STRABISMUS AND OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS Proceedings of the Sixth Meeting of the International Strabismological Association Surfers Paradise, Australia, 1990 Edited by Emilio C. Campos Department of Ophthalmology University of Modena Modena, Italy M MACMILLAN PRESS Scientific & Medical Ill © The Macmillan Press Ltd 1990 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1990 978-0-333-51224-1 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 33-4 Alfred Place, London WClE 7DP Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 1991 Published by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data International Strabismological Association Meeting (6th 1990: Surfers Paradise, Australia) Strabismus and motility disorders. 1. Man. Eyes. Movement disorders & strabismus I. Title II. Campos, E. C. (Emilio C.) 617.762 ISBN 978-1-349-11190-9 ISBN 978-1-349-11188-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-l-349-lll88-6 iv CONTENTS Preface xiii Acknowledgements XV The Contributors xvi THE LINKSZ AWARD AND MEDAL xxvi Introduction of the Recipient of the Linksz Award and Medal: Elfriede Aulhorn Gunter K. von Noorden xxviii OBITUARIES Thomas Keith Lyle Kenneth Wybar XXX Arthur Linksz Gunter K. von Noorden xxxiv Charles Thomas Annette Spielmann XXXV Tunekazu Yuge Shinobu A way a xxxvii THE SIXTH BIELSCHOWSKY LECTURE Introduction of the 1990 Bielschowsky Lecturer Gunter K. von Noorden 3 The Sixth Bielschowsky Lecture: Control of Eye Vergence and Anomalous Retinal Correspondence Peter 0. Bishop 7 Part I. Amblyopia and Development of Visual Function 1. Amblyopia: Correlation between Human and Animal Research G. K. von Noorden 25 2. Amblyopia in Old People and Residual Amblyopia in Children: Prevalence before and after Free Visual Acuity Screening and Occlusion Treatment E. Gregersen, A. Jensen, E. Rindziunski and T. Vinding 31 3. Amblyopia: Care and Prevalence in Pre-school Children, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil K. M. Monteiro de Carvalho, N. Kara-Jose, R. Caldato, A. M. Oliveira, J. Fonseca Neto and V. L. Pereira 39 4. The Incidence of Amblyopia in Longstanding Untreated Infantile Esotropia A. D. N. Murray and C. Calcutt 45 v VI CONTENTS 5. Comparison of Treatment Methods in Strabismic Amblyopia R. M. L. Doran, S. Yarde and A. Starbuck 51 6. Amblyopia, Strabismus and Anisometropia in Congenital Glaucoma Patients L. M. Christmann and]. G. Ferguson,Jr 61 7. A Trial of P-ERG for the Aid· of Therapy in Amblyopia S. Takayama, K. Nomura, K. Fujioka, T. Shinkai and M. Yamamoto 67 8. Retinal Sensitivity in Amblyopia Cases M. Ito, M. Imaizumi, H. Miyazawa and M. Yamamoto 73 9. Pattern VEP and Accommodation in Anisometropic Amblyopia T. Ohzeki 79 10. Observations on Grating Acuity Measures of Children in Clinical Practice Using Teller Acuity Cards A. ChandnaandR. M. L. Doran 85 11. Development of Visual Acuity Tested by Grating Acuity Cards in Pre-term and Full-term Newborn and Premature Infants Y. Tsukita, H. Mitani, H. MiyazawaandM. Yamamoto 95 12. Visual and Ocular Motor Assessment of Infants: A Preliminary Report L. McKenzie 101 Part II. Binocular Vision 13. Studies of Stereoacuity in Infants by the TV-Random Dot Stereo Test S. Awaya, Y. Mizukami, A. Kamiya, E. Koizumi and S. Miyake 109 14. Clinical Applications of Stereograms Made with IBM Microcomputer L. L.-K. Lin, S.-F. Wu, 1.-H.JanandA.-H. Wang 115 15. Evaluation of Lang's Test as a Screening Procedure in Children L. A. Peduti-Cunha andJ. A. F. Caldeira 121 16. Influence of Vertical Fusion on Horizontal Fusion W. Aust 127 17. Binocular Dissociation by the Mechanism of Time Separation A.-H. Wang, 1.-H. Jan, 1.-H. Yu, L. L.-K. Lin and L.-S. Ko 131 CONTENTS vii Part III. Investigations and Measurements 18. The Observation of Eye Movement Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging Y. Nishida, E. Nishida, K. Kani and A. Inatomi 137 19. Dynamic Analysis of Head Movements by Means of a Three-dimensional Position Measurement System Y. Watanabe, H. Ohtsuki, H. Okayama, H. Konishi, Y. Fujiwara, S. HasebeandM. Takeda 143 20. A Clinical Method of Measuring the CAlC Ratio I. StrachanandM. Watts 149 21. Photographic Measurement of the Angle of Strabismus M. S. Ruttum, K. Shimshak and M. Chesner 155 22. The Use of the Corneal Reflex Test through Glasses Y. Hatsukawa, T. Otori, B. Patel, C. HoggandP. Fells 161 23. Squint Surgery Performed with Measurement of the Globe by A-Scan Compared with Standard Surgery W. E. Gillies and A.M. V. Brooks 167 24. A Method for Determining Intraoperative Length-Tension Curves of Human Extraocular Muscles J. E. Egbert, A. L. Rosenbaum, T. M. Keogan Jr, N.C. Wheeler, K. A. Buzard and C. Wang 173 25. A Right-angle Siamese-twin Caliper for Greater Accuracy and Precision in Eye Muscle Surgery P. E. Romano and C. E. Hess 179 26. Application of the Computer in Strabismology J.-H. Jan, L. L.-K. Lin, A.-H. Wang andY.-F. Shih 185 27. Polaroid Photorefractive Screening for Amblyopia H. L. FreedmanandK. L. Preston 189 28. A New Dot Visual Acuity Test for Children H. Morizane and K. Morizane 195 29. Event-related Potentials in Disturbance of Vision of Psychogenic Origin Y. Oguchi 201 Part IV. Special Forms of Strabismus 30. Pathophysiology of the Symptoms of Infantile Strabismus A. Spielmann 209 viii CONTENTS 31. Origin of the Lateral Rectus Paresis in Strabismus of High Myopic Patients B. Bagolini, A. Dickmann, C. Tamburrelli and C. Colosimo 215 32. Duane's Retraction Syndrome: A Review of 72 Cases F. J. Martin and K. M. Bourne 221 33. Further Insights into Developmental Errors Causing Duane's Syndrome M. T. Miller and K. Stromland 227 34. Two Mechanisms of Up-shoots and Down-shoots in Duane's Syndrome Revealed by a new MRI Technique J. M. Miller, J. L. Derner and A. L. Rosenbaum 229 35. Strabismus Resulting from Retinal Detachment Surgery: Some aspects of Management A. F. Hilton 235 Part V. Nystagmus 36. Oscillopsia in Congenital Nystagmus L. A. Abel, I. M. Williams and L. Levi 243 37. Treatable Nystagmus (Manifest Latent Nystagmus) R. D. Reinecke and A. A. Zubcov 249 38. Results of Horizontal Rectus Muscle Surgery to Modify the Null Point in Congenital Nystagmus J. A. Pratt-Johnson 255 39. Compensation Mechanisms and Treatment in Nystagmus Patients with Albinism or Congenital Cataract H. Muhlendyck 261 Part VI. Esotropia 40. Symposium on the Management of Fully Accommodative Esotropia Moderator: P. Fells Speakers: P. V. Berard, M. Gobin, A. Jampolsky, A. C. B. Molteno, G. K. von Noorden, C. Schor and M. Spiritus 269 41. Outcome of Accommodative Esotropia T. Nakagawa, T. Kii and S. Mori 307 42. Long-term Follow-up of Refractive Accommodative Esotropia N. Kubota and S. Akatsu 315 CONTENTS ix 43. The Accommodative Component after Esotropia Surgery E. L. Raab 319 44. 'Ultra-early' Surgery for Essential Infantile Esotropia E. M. Helves/on 325 45. Late Management of Infantile Esotropia A.A. Assaf 335 46. Stability of the Monofixation Syndrome B. W. Arthur, J. T. Smith and W. E. Scott 343 47. Clinical Characterstics of Non-accommodative Intermittent Esotropia S. Akatsu, H. lwashige, N. Kubota and T. Maruo 349 48. Defining the Limits of Safe Recession of the Horizontal Recti Muscles A. M. V. Brooks, M. R. Rivers, N. T. StrangandW. E. Gillies 355 Part VII. Exotropia 49. Outcome of Early Overcorrection of Exotropia E. L. Raab 363 50. Binocularity after Surgery for Intermittent Exotropia S.M. Wolff and D. N. Loupe 369 51. Surgical Alignment for Exotropia in Children M.R. lng 375 52. Atypical Cyclic Exotropia Y. Uemura, N. NozakiandR. Yamada 381 53. Differential Resection of Medial Recti in Convergence Insufficiency P. Nemet and C. Stolovitch 385 54. Survey of Current Management of Intermittent Exotropia in the USA and Canada P. E. Romano and M. F. Wilson 391 55. Treatment of Exotropia with Gasserian Ganglion Block 0. Tamura and M. Abe 397 Part VIII. Botulinum Toxin in Strabismus 56. Botulinum Toxin Treatment of Strabismus A. B. Scott 401 X CONTENTS 57. Botulinum Treatment of Childhood Strabismus A. B. Scott, E. H. Magoon, K. W. McNeer and D. R. Stager 403 58. The Physiology of Botulinum Toxin I. S. Elston 409 59. Botulinum Toxin: an Alternative to Squint Surgery in Childhood? S. Hague and I. P. Lee 413 60. The Histopathology of Botulinum Toxin Injection into Extraocular Muscles K. W. McNeer and R. F. Spencer 421 61. Botulinum Toxin for Restrictive Strabismus I. Lee 429 62. A Discussion of the Current Role of Botulinum Toxin in Paralytic Strabismus R. Fitzsimons 435 Part IX. Surgery 63. Lateral Rectus Muscle Transplantation Surgery for Third Nerve Palsy I. Norton Taylor 443 64. Anterior Ciliary Vessel Preservation During Rectus Muscle Surgery C. A. McKeown, H. M. Lambert and I. W. Shore 451 65. Personal Approach for Adjustable Sutures Technique E. C. Campos, C. Chiesi, R. Gulli and C. Schiavi 457 66. Post-operative Drift Following Adjustable Strabismus Surgery I. Lee, P. Rosen, R. Morris, B. McCarry and P. Fells 463 67. Results of Stage III Intraoperative Adjustment of Eye Muscle Surgery (under General Anesthesia) for Neuroparalytic and Mechanical Strabismus P. E. Romano 473 68. Superior Oblique Silicone Expander for Brown's Syndrome and Superior Oblique Overaction K. W. Wright 479 69. Desagitalization of the Superior Rectus: A Simple Method to Correct Abnormal Head Posture in Congenital Absence of the Superior Oblique S. Miyake, K. Tsuzuki, T. Yagasaki andS. Awaya 481