Stigma and Sexual Orientation Understanaing Prejudice Against Lesbians, Gay Men, and Bisexuals editor Gregory M. Herek Stigma and Sexual Orientation Ps Y-CH'O LOGEC AL PEPiRe GeS aie ON. LESBIAN AND GAY ISSUES editors Beverly Greene Gregory M. Herek v1. Lesbian and Gay Psychology: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications Edited by Beverly Greene and Gregory M. Herek Vv 2. AIDS, Identity, and Community: The HIV Epidemic and Lesbians and Gay Men Edited by Gregory M. Herek and Beverly Greene Vv 3. Ethnic and Cultural Diversity Among Lesbians and Gay Men Edited by Beverly Greene Vv 4. Stigma and Sexual Orientation: Understanding Prejudice Against Lesbians, Gay Men, and Bisexuals Edited by Gregory M. Herek EDDTORTAL- BOARD Laura S. Brown, Ph.D. Gary Melton, Ph.D. Ellen Cole, Ph.D. Letitia Anne Peplau, Ph.D. John P. De Cecco, Ph.D. Pamela T. Reid, Ph.D. Oliva Espin, Ph.D. Esther Rothblum, Ph.D. Linda Garnets, Ph.D. Royce W. Scrivner, Ph.D. John C. Gonsiorek, Ph.D. Charles Silverstein, Ph.D. Arnold Kahn, Ph.D. Mark Snyder, Ph.D. Douglas Kimmel, Ph.D. Leonore Tiefer, Ph.D. Stigma and Sexual Orientation Understanding Prejudice Against Lesbians, Gay Men, and Bisexuals v editor Gregory M. Herek Psychological Perspectives on Lesbian and Gay Issues Volume 4 Sponsored by the Society for the Psychological Study of Lesbian and Gay Issues, Division 44 of the American Psychological Association SAGE Publications International Educational and Professional Publisher Thousand Oaks London NewDelhi Copyright © 1998 by Sage Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or bya ny infor- mation storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information: SAGE Publications, Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 E-mail: [email protected] SAGE Publications Ltd. 6 Bonhill Street London EC2A 4PU United Kingdom SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd. M-32 Market Greater Kailash I New Delhi 110 048 India Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Main entry under title: Stigma and sexual orientation: Understanding prejudice against lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals/editor, Gregory M. Herek. p. cm.—(Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay issues; v. 4) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8039-5384-4 (cloth: acid-free paper).—ISBN 0-8039-5385-2 (pbk. : acid-free paper) 1. Heterosexiam. 2. Homophobia. 3. Gays—Public opinion. 4. Stigma (Social psychology) I. Herek, Gregory M. II. Series. HQ76.25.S78 1998 305.9’0664—dc21 97-33909 98; 99 T00S01 20203 (04 10N9S8R7e 665" 493 20 Acquiring Editor: C. Terry Hendrix Editorial Assistant: Dale Mary Grenfell Production Editor: Diana E. Axelsen Production Assistant: Karen Wiley Typesetter/Designer: Marion Warren Indexer: Mary Mortensen Print Buyer: Anna Chin When citing a volume from Psychological Perspectives on Lesbian and Gay Issues, please use the following style: Herek, Gregory M. (Ed.). Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay issues: Vol. 4. Stigma and sexual orientation: Understanding prejudice against lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Contents Preface | viii 1. Unassuming Motivations: Contextualizing the Narratives of Antigay Assailants | 1 KAREN FRANKLIN 2. Homophobia in the Courtroom: An Assessment of Biases Against Gay Men and Lesbians in a Multiethnic Sample of PotentialJurors | 24 DRURY SHERROD PETER M. NARDI 3. Do Heterosexual Women and Men Differ in Their Attitudes Toward Homosexuality? A Conceptual and Methodological Analysis | 39 MARY E. KITE BERNARD E. WHITLEY, Jr. 4. The Relationship Between Stereotypes of and Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gays | 62 ANGELA SIMON 5. Authoritarianism, Values, and the Favorability and Structure of Antigay Attitudes | 82 GEOFFREY HADDOCK MARK P. ZANNA . Civil Liberties, Civil Rights, and Stigma: Voter Attitudes and Behavior in the Politics of Homosexuality | 108 DOUGLAS ALAN STRAND Minority Stress Among Lesbians, Gay Men, and Bisexuals: A Consequence of Heterosexism, Homophobia, and Stigmatization | 138 JOANNE DiPLACIDO . Internalized Homophobia, Intimacy, and Sexual Behavior Among Gay and Bisexual Men | 160 ILAN H. MEYER LAURA DEAN Developmental Implications of Victimization of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youths | 187 ANTHONY R. D’AUGELLI 10. The Postmodern Family: An Examination of the Psychosocial and Legal Perspectives of Gay and Lesbian Parenting | 211 ANDREW McLEOD ISIAAH CRAWFORD lf Bad Science in the Service of Stigma: A Critique of the Cameron Group’s Survey Studies | 223 GREGORY M. HEREK Index | 257 About the Editor | 273 About the Contributors | 275 Evelyn Hooker, Ph.D. 1907-1996 This volume is dedicated to the memory of Evelyn Hooker, a pioneering psychologist who was not afraid tc use the scientific method to question the prevailing assumptions of her time. Her research helped to lay a foundation for the modern movement in psychology that is affirmative of minority sexual orientations—lesbian, gay, and bisexual. She was an inspiration, mentor, and friend to scientists, clinicians, and teachers from all over the world. Her passing leaves a gap in our lives that will not soon be filled. Preface his volume, the fourth in the annual series Psychological Perspec- tives on Lesbian and Gay Issues, is devoted to research on the phenomenon variously referred to as homophobia, heterosexism, and simply prejudice based on sexual orientation. Empirical study in this area has advanced at a rapid pace in the 1990s. Researchers increasingly are using more sophisticated theories and methods to investigate stigma and sexual orientation, and their reports are appearing more frequently in general scientific journals. This mainstreaming of research on antigay stigma is important not only because it offers the promise of finding better ways to combat preju- dice, but also because studying homophobia will enrich the study of intergroup attitudes in general. Understanding prejudice based on sex- ual orientation inevitably raises a wealth of important questions relevant to other forms of stigma—about the nature of concealable stigmas, the expression of prejudice through violence and discrimination, the dialec- tic between cultural ideologies and individual attitudes and values, and responses to stigma by its targets. The first six chapters of the present volume address the nature of anti- gay stigma. The authors consider attitudes, values, and stereotypes, as well as homophobic assaults and public opinion. They also examine antigay behaviors outside the laboratory—in the courtroom, on the streets, and in the voting booth. Karen Franklin reports findings from her study of perpetrators of hate crimes. Her data highlight the importance of understanding situational factors that give rise to assaults based on sexual orientation. Drury Sherrod and Peter Nardi report data from a large-scale study of homophobia among prospective jurors in 15 differ- vill