& 1 Fa 5 EA 0241 126401 i402l2 Leabharlanna Atha Cliath STTTL.TL.ORGAN LIBRARY Dublin Public Libraries To renew give the date due and this No. Bram: nse TTeaoch c1L onrsrccaahiinn | § 3ranch Books should be returned on or before the last date shown below. Books (not already requested by other borrowers) may be renewed by personal applicatio writing, or by telephone Date Due Date Due Date Due Borrowers’ tickeis may be used in any of the Dublin Public Libraries. Damage to or loss of baoks v:ill be charged to the borrower. Borrowers must notify ch:ar:ge of eddress. Fines charged for overdue books will include postage incurred in recovery. P R TR L STEVE BIKO AND APARTHEID Roger Omond Hamish Hamilton - London -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- HAMISH HAMILTON CHILDREN’S BOOKS Published by the Penguin Group 27 Wrights Lane, London W8 5TZ, England Viking Penguin Inc, 40 West 23rd Street, New York, New York 10010, U.S.A. Penguin Books Australia Ltd, Ringwood, Victoria, Australia Penguin Books Canada Ltd, 2801 John Street, Markham, Ontario, Canada L3R 1B4 Penguin Books (N.Z.) Ltd, 182-190 Wairau Road, Auckland 10, New Zealand % Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England First published in Great Britain 1989 by Hamish Hamilton Children’s Books Copyright © 1989 by Roger Omond 13579108642 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or intfroduced into a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data CIP data for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0-241-12640-1 Steve Biko’s quotes in this book are taken from his evidence at the 1976 SASO/BPC trial, his own writing before and after he was banned, and interviews he gave. Extracts from Biko by Donald Woods © 1978, 1987. Reproduced by Permission of Penguin Books Ltd and Henry Holt and Co. Inc. Extracts from | Write What I Like by Steve Biko, reproduced by permission of the Bowerdean Press. Printed in Great Britain by Butler and Tanner Ltd, Frome, Somerset ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... Racial terms 5 1 Introduction 7 2 Growing Up 12 3 A History of Oppression 18 4 An Act of Defiance 26 5 “Popular Rage’ 36 6 The Birth of Black Consciousness 45 7 The Black People’s Convention 53 8 Biko Banned 60 9 Soweto 68 10 “A miserable and lonely death’ 76 11 A Potent Force 87 Glossary 93 Further Reading List 94 95 Index ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... Acknowledgements The author wishes to thank Aelred Stubbs and Donald Woods, both of whose books have made Steve Biko and his work more widely known; Barney Pityana for reading before publication this account of the rise of Black Consciousness (although any mistakes are mine not his); Sue Twiselton for seeing this through to publication and for picture research; and Kate Thomlinson and Louise Basson who read a first draft. Further, to my wife, Mary, for all her help. The author and publisher would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce photographs: IDAF cover,:6, 9, 13, 15, 21,29, 31,33, 34, 37, 41, 42, 43,48, 51, 54, 56-57, 62-63, 65, 69, 71, 73, 81, 83, 85, 88, 90; Pixfeatures 38-39; Popperfoto 22, 24, 79 ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... The words used to describe South Africa’s different race groups are often confusing. The government classifies people into four categories: white, black, Coloured and Indian. However, to many in South Africa these classifications are unacceptable. Here is a simple guideline to the use of racial terminology in this book: African: The indigenous people of Africa. Afrikaner: Descendants of the first white settlers (mainly of Dutch origin), who govern the country today. Bantu: This has been used by the South African government to refer to Africans. It means ‘people’. In this book, it is only used when quoting a specific law or government department (e.g. Bantu Administration Department). Black: All those who are at the receiving end of apartheid: Africans, Coloureds and Indians (unless used in a direct quote where the official term means African). Coloured: People of mixed race. (This term is used in the official sense, as unfortunately there is no alternative in common use.) Indian: People whose ancestors came from the Indian subcon- tinent. (Official use and accepted by most South Africans.) Native: Term first used in South Africa to describe Africans. In this book, it is used when quoting an individual or referring to a specific institution, law or government department (e.g. Natives’ Land Act). Non-white: The Black Consciousness movement rejected this term, which was used by some South Africans to describe those who are not white. In this book, the term is only used when referring to this subject. White: People who come from, or whose ancestors came from, a European country. . ssesssscee 000800000000 00000000000000000000esetessesssesssssesssssssssssncnssecnnonnenses Steve Biko: hopes for a peaceful end to apartheid died with him. D #escsecsesesesssccesensesessssnnsresense