Springer Series in Solid and Structural Mechanics 9 Mario Como Statics of Historic Masonry Constructions Third Edition Springer Series in Solid and Structural Mechanics Volume 9 Series editors Michel Frémond, Rome, Italy Franco Maceri, Rome, Italy More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10616 Mario Como Statics of Historic Masonry Constructions Third Edition 123 Mario Como Department ofCivil Engineering University of RomeTor Vergata Rome Italy ISSN 2195-3511 ISSN 2195-352X (electronic) SpringerSeries inSolid andStructural Mechanics ISBN978-3-319-54737-4 ISBN978-3-319-54738-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-54738-1 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017936354 1stedition:©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013 2ndedition:©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016 3rdedition:©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland To Ida Preface to the Third Edition Thisneweditionofthisbookhasbeendrivenbythenumerousrecentdevelopments oftheresearchinthefield,whichitwasnecessarytorecallinthetext;theworkof this new version allowed the revision of the writing with the correction of many misprints occurred during the proofreading of the previous edition. The new edition also has offered the opportunity to include, scattered in the various chapters, many refinements and improvements of the discussed topics, some of them here listed as follows: the collapse induced by the crushing of masonryinelementsthatcannotgetdeformedthroughmechanisms,asforinstance in the platband arch; the mechanics of collapse of masonry structures with elasto-perfectlyplasticreinforcements;domestatics,particularlyexaminedindepth regarding the dome of Brunelleschi in Florence. Furthermore, the last chapter—the 11th—regarding the behavior of masonry buildings under seismicactions,hasbeen completely modifiedandintegrated.The startingpointofthischapterhasbeentheconsiderationthatmasonryconstructions behave very differently from ductile structures. Thereisnodissipationofenergyduringtheirdeformation,evenifaccompanied by cracks. If properly reinforced, to avoid early local failures, masonry construc- tionshavethesoleresourcetoescapetheseismicactionexhibitingrockingwithout failure, under alternate seismic action. In this context, on the wake of the more recent research on the matter, the rocking of pier walls, which are the main resistant components of the masonry structure, has been thoroughly examined. It has been defined the dynamical over- turning failure acceleration, larger than the acceleration producing the statical collapse,thatistheincipient rocking. Anew and proper definition oftheso-called reduced strength factor q, well known in earthquake engineering, has been thus giveninthischapter.Thisratio,heredefinedastheaccelerationratio,ratherlowin value, is more appropriate to characterize masonry structures behavior, than those inherent to other formulations, which improperly go back to criteria concerning ductility of reinforced concrete or steel constructions. vii viii PrefacetotheThirdEdition Due to the actual low values of this reduced strength factor q, the seismic protectionofhistoricmasonryconstructionsrequiresdesigncriteriawherestrength, andnotductility,hastobedominant.Afocalpointisthustheanalysisofthechain of transmission of the seismic forces along the resistant structure of masonry buildings, together with the out of plane and in-plane strength evaluation of masonry walls, developed here with new elaborations and inclusions. Asforthepreviouseditionsofthisbook,alltheabovedevelopmentshavebeen obtained with the cooperation of the precious teamwork with Simona Coccia and Fabio Di Carlo of the Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science of the University of Tor Vergata in Rome. To them, I address my grateful thanks. Reflectionsandideasonthetopicalsotriggeredfromthefruitfuldiscussionsthat I had with the students that I have met during some doctorate courses held by myself at various Departments of Civil Engineering, as those of the University of Brescia, of the University of Parma and Naples. Also to all these students, my thanks are directed. Rome, Italy Mario Como December 2016 Preface to the Second Edition Theinterestaccomplishedinthefirsteditiontogetherwiththeneedtoimprovethe text with new developments, widening, and revisions, due to the recent research achievements on the subject matter, isthe motivationof this second edition of this book. Anewsectionhasbeenaddedtothefirstchapter,analyzingnewtestresultsfor masonrystrengthunderinclinedcompressionwithrespecttothejointdirection;this is a subject of great importance for the evaluation of the seismic strength for masonrywalls.Withinthesecondchapter,dedicatedtotheFundamentalsofStatics ofMasonryStructures,anewLimitAnalysisofelasticno-tensionone-dimensional systems has been included; this is a very useful tool, for instance, in the strength analysisofmasonrywalls reinforced with steelties.Thethird,thefourth,the fifth, and the eighth chapters are substantially unchanged, except for some additions concerningtheconstructionoftheBrunelleschidomeinFlorenceandtheinclusion of a new section dealing with the thrust evaluation of round cross vaults, then appliedtothevaultsoftheDiocletianBathsinRome.Inthesixthchapter,thestudy of the effect of the inclined cracking on the buttresses and leaning towers static behaviors has been included. This study has been very useful for the analysis concerning the strength assessment of Gothic cathedrals under side wind, a topic which has been revised and developed within the seventh chapter. The ninth chapter, dealing with the seismic analysis of masonry buildings—a topic in which the current research has produced new remarkable results—has received the most important revisions and widening. All these developments have been obtained thanks to the precious teamwork with Simona Coccia and Fabio Di Carlo of the Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Tor Vergata in Rome. To them, I address my grateful thanks. ix x PrefacetotheSecondEdition Reflectionsandideasonthetopicalsotriggeredfromthefruitfuldiscussionsthat I had with the students of the doctorate course in “Restoration of Historic and Contemporary Buildings,” held at the D.I.C.A.T.A. of the University of Brescia. Also to all these students, my thanks are directed. Rome Mario Como July 2015