The Project Gutenberg EBook of Stanley in Africa, by James P. Boyd This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Stanley in Africa The Wonderful Discoveries and Thrilling Adventures of the Great African Explorer, and Other Travelers, Pioneers and Missionaries Author: James P. Boyd Release Date: February 1, 2014 [EBook #44816] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STANLEY IN AFRICA *** Produced by Henry Gardiner, Geetu Melwani, Kathryn Lybarger, Nick Wall and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries.) Transcriber’s Note: The original publication has been replicated faithfully except as listed here. In most web browsers the text conforms to changes in window size. Book cover. COLUMBIA PRESENTING STANLEY TO EUROPEAN SOVEREIGNS. STANLEY IN AFRICA. THE WONDERFUL DISCOVERIES AND THRILLING ADVENTURES OF THE GREAT AFRICAN EXPLORER AND OTHER TRAVELERS, PIONEERS AND MISSIONARIES. BEAUTIFULLY AND ELABORATELY ILLUSTRATED WITH ENGRAVINGS, COLORED PLATES AND MAPS BY JAMES P. BOYD, A.M. Author of “Political History of the United States” and “Life of Gen. U. S. Grant,” etc. ROSE PUBLISHING CO., Toronto, Canada. Copyright, 1889 BY James P. Boyd. INTRODUCTION. A volume of travel, exploration and adventure is never without instruction and fascination for old and young. There is that within us all which ever seeks for the mysteries which are bidden behind mountains, closeted in forests, concealed by earth or sea, in a word, which are enwrapped by Nature. And there is equally that within us which is touched most sensitively and stirred most deeply by the heroism which has characterized the pioneer of all ages of the world and in every field of adventure. How like enchantment is the story of that revelation which the New America furnished the Old World! What a spirit of inquiry and exploit it opened! How unprecedented and startling, adventure of every kind became! What thrilling volumes tell of the hardships of daring navigators or of the perils of brave and dashing landsmen! Later on, who fails to read with the keenest emotion of those dangers, trials and escapes which enveloped the intrepid searchers after the icy secrets of the Poles, or confronted those who would unfold the tale of the older civilizations and of the ocean’s island spaces. Though the directions of pioneering enterprise change, yet more and more man searches for the new. To follow him, is to write of the wonderful. Again, to follow him is to read of the surprising and the thrilling. No prior history of discovery has ever exceeded in vigorous entertainment and startling interest that which centers in “The Dark Continent” and has for its most distinguished hero, Henry M. Stanley. His coming and going in the untrodden and hostile wilds of Africa, now to rescue the stranded pioneers of other nationalities, now to explore the unknown waters of a mighty and unique system, now to teach cannibal tribes respect for decency and law, and now to map for the first time with any degree of accuracy, the limits of new dynasties, make up a volume of surpassing moment and peculiar fascination. All the world now turns to Africa as the scene of those adventures which possess such a weird and startling interest for readers of every class, and which invite to heroic exertion on the part of pioneers. It is the one dark, mysterious spot, strangely made up of massive mountains, lofty and extended plateaus, salt and sandy deserts, immense fertile stretches, climates of death and balm, spacious lakes, gigantic rivers, dense forests, numerous, grotesque and savage peoples, and an animal life of fierce mien, enormous strength and endless variety. It is the country of the marvelous, yet none of its marvels exceed its realities. And each exploration, each pioneering exploit, each history of adventure into its mysterious depths, but intensifies the world’s view of it and enhances human interest in it, for it is there the civilized nations are soon to set metes and bounds to their grandest acquisitions—perhaps in peace, perhaps in war. It is there that white colonization shall try its boldest problems. It is there that Christianity shall engage in one of its hardest contests. Victor Hugo says, that “Africa will be the continent of the twentieth century.” Already the nations are struggling to possess it. Stanley’s explorations proved the majesty and efficacy of equipment and force amid these dusky peoples and through the awful mazes of the unknown. Empires watched with eager eye the progress of his last daring journey. Science and civilization stood ready to welcome its results. He comes to light again, having escaped ambush, flood, the wild beast and disease, and his revelations set the world aglow. He is greeted by kings, hailed by savants, and looked to by the colonizing nations as the future pioneer of political power and commercial enterprise in their behalf, as he has been the most redoubtable leader of adventure in the past. This miraculous journey of the dashing and intrepid explorer, completed against obstacles which all believed to be insurmountable, safely ended after opinion had given him up as dead, together with its bearings on the fortunes of those nations who are casting anew the chart of Africa, and upon the native peoples who are to be revolutionized or exterminated by the last grand surges of progress, all these render a volume dedicated to travel and discovery, especially in the realm of “The Dark Continent,” surprisingly agreeable and useful at this time. MARCHING THROUGH EQUATORIAL AFRICA. Larger. 5 19 27 139 185 257 CONTENTS. HENRY M. STANLEY, Stanley is safe; the world’s rejoicings; a new volume in African annals; who is “this wizard of travel?” story of Stanley’s life; a poor Welsh boy; a work-house pupil; teaching school; a sailor boy; in a New Orleans counting-house; an adopted child; bereft and penniless; a soldier of the South; captured and a prisoner; in the Federal Navy; the brilliant correspondent; love of travel and adventure; dauntless amid danger; in Asia-Minor and Abyssinia; at the court of Spain; in search of Livingstone; at Ujiji on Tanganyika; the lost found; across the “dark continent;” down the dashing Congo; boldest of all marches; acclaim of the world. THE CONGO FREE STATE, A Congo’s empire; Stanley’s grand conception; European ambitions; the International Association; Stanley off for Zanzibar; enlists his carriers; at the mouth of the Congo; preparing to ascend the river; his force and equipments; the river and river towns; hippopotamus hunting; the big chiefs of Vivi; the “rock-breaker;” founding stations; making treaties; tribal characteristics; Congo scenes; elephants, buffaloes and water-buck; building houses and planting gardens; making roads; rounding the portages; river crocodiles and the steamers; foraging in the wilderness; products of the country; the king and the gong; no more war fetish; above the cataracts; Stanley Pool and Leopoldville; comparison of Congo with other rivers; exploration of the Kwa; Stanley sick; his return to Europe; further plans for his “Free State;” again on the Congo; Bolobo and its chiefs; medicine for wealth; a free river, but no land; scenery on the upper Congo; the Watwa dwarfs; the lion and his prey; war at Bolobo; the Equator station; a long voyage ahead; a modern Hercules; tropical scenes; a trick with a tiger skin; hostile natives; a canoe brigade; the Aruwimi; ravages of slave traders; captive women and children; to Stanley Falls; the cataracts; appointing a chief; the people and products; wreck of a steamer; a horrible massacre; down the Congo to Stanley Pool; again at Bolobo; a burnt station; news from missionaries; at Leopoldville; down to Vivi; the treaties with chiefs; treaty districts; the Camaroon country; oil river region; Stanley’s return to London; opinions of African life; thirst for rum; adventures and accidents; advice to adventurers; outlines of the Congo Free State; its wealth and productions; commercial value; the Berlin conference; national jurisdiction; constitution of the Congo Free States; results. THE SEARCH FOR EMIN, Stanley’s call; the Belgian king; the Emin Pasha relief committee; Stanley in charge of the expedition; off for Central Africa; rounding the cataracts; the rendezvous at Stanley Pool; who is Emin? his life and character; a favorite of Gordon; fall of Khartoum; Emin cut off in equatorial Soudan; rising of the Mahdi; death of Gordon; Emin lost in his equatorial province; his capitals and country; Stanley pushes to the Aruwimi; Tippoo Tib and his promises; Barttelot and the camps; trip up the Aruwimi; wanderings in the forest; battles with the dwarfs; sickness, starvation and death; lost in the wilds; the plains at last; grass and banana plantations; arrival at Albert Nyanza; no word of Emin; back to the Aruwimi for boats; another journey to the lake; Emin found; tantalizing consultations; Stanley leaves for his forest stations; treachery of Tippoo Tib; massacre of Barttelot; the Mahdi influence; again for the Lake to save Emin; willing to leave Africa; the start for Zanzibar; hardships of the trip; safe arrival at Zanzibar; accident to Emin; the world’s applause; Stanley a hero. EGYPT AND THE NILE, Shaking hands at Ujiji; Africa a wonderland; Mizriam and Ham; Egypt a gateway; mother of literature, art and religion; the Jews and Egypt; mouths of the Nile; the Rosetta stone; Suez Canal; Alexandria; Pharos, a “wonder of the world;” Cleopatra’s needles; Pompey’s Pillar; the catacombs; up the Nile to Cairo; description of Cairo; Memphis; the Pyramids and Sphinx; convent of the pulley; Abydos its magnificent ruins; City of “the Hundred Gates;” temple of Luxor; statues of Memnon; the palace temple of Thebes; the old Theban Kings; how they built; ruins of Karnak; most imposing in the world; temples of Central Thebes; wonderful temple of Edfou; the Island of Philæ; the elephantine ruins; grand ruins of Ipsambul; Nubian ruins; rock tomb at Beni- Hassan; the weird “caves of the crocodiles;” horrid death of a traveler; Colonel and Lady Baker; from Kartoum to Gondokoro; hardships of a Nile expedition; the “forty thieves;” Sudd on the White Nile; adventures with hippopotami; mobbing a crocodile; rescuing slaves; at Gondokoro; horrors of the situation; battles with the natives; night attack; hunting elephants; instincts of the animal; natural scenery; different native tribes; cruelty of slave-hunters; ambuscades; annexing the country; hunting adventures; the Madhi’s rebellion; death of Gordon. SOURCES OF THE NILE, African mysteries; early adventures; the wonderful lake regions; excitement over discovery; disputed points; the wish of emperors; journey through the desert; Baker and Mrs. Baker; M’dslle Tinne; Nile waters and vegetation; dangers of exploration; from Gondokoro to Albert Nyanza, native chiefs and races; traits and adventure; discovery of Albert Nyanza; King Kamrasi; his royal pranks; adventures on the lake; a true Nile source; Murchison Falls; revelations by Speke and Grant; Victoria Nyanza; another Nile source; Stanley on the scene; his manner of travel; trip to Victoria Nyanza; voyage of the “Lady Alice;” adventures on the lake; King Mtesa and his empire; wonders of the great lake; surprises for Stanley; in battle for King Mtesa; results of his discoveries; native traditions; demons and dwarfs; off for Tanganyika. 5 6 7 8 331 367 416 423 441 526 THE ZAMBESI, Livingstone on the scene; how he got into Africa; his early adventures and trials; wounded by a lion; his marriage; off for Lake Ngam; among the Makololo; down the Chobe to the Zambesi; up the Zambesi; across the Continent to Loanda; discovery of Lake Dilolo; importance of the discovery; description of the lake; its wonderful animals; methods of African travel; rain-makers and witchcraft; the magic lantern scene; animals of the Zambesi; country, people and productions; adventures among the rapids; the Gouye Falls; the burning desert and Cuando river; an elephant hunt; the wonderful Victoria Falls; sounding smoke; the Charka wars; lower Zambesi valley; wonderful animal and vegetable growth; mighty affluents; escape from a buffalo; slave hunters; Shire river and Lake Nyassa; peculiar native head-dresses; native games, manners and customs; Pinto at Victoria Falls; central salt pans. THE CONGO, Discovery of the wonderful Lake Tanganyika; Burton and Speke’s visit; Livingstone’s trials; his geographical delusions; gorilla and chimpanzee; Livingstone at Bangweola; on the Lualaba; hunting the soko; thrilling adventure with a leopard; the Nyangwe people; struggle back to Ujiji; meeting with Stanley; joy in the wilderness; exploration of Tanganyika; the parting; Livingstone’s last journey; amid rain and swamps; close of his career; death of the explorer; care of his body; faithful natives; Stanley’s second visit; what he had done; strikes the Lualaba; descends in the “Lady Alice;” fights with the natives; ambuscades and strategies; boating amid rapids; thrilling adventures amid falls and cataracts; wonderful streams; the Lualaba is the Congo; joy over the discovery; gauntlet of arrows and spears; loss of men and boats: death of Frank Pocock; the falls become too formidable; overland to the Atlantic; at the mouth of the mighty Congo; return trip to Zanzibar; the Congo empire; Stanley’s future plans. CAPE OF STORMS, Discovery of the Cape; early settlers; table mountain; Hottentot and Boer; the diamond regions; the Zulu warriors; the Pacific republics; natal and the transvaal; manners, customs, animals and sports; climate and resources. NYASSALAND, A disputed possession; the beautiful Shiré; rapids and cataracts; mountain fringed valleys; rank tropical vegetation; magnificent upland scenery; thrifty and ingenious natives; cotton and sorghum; the Go-Nakeds; beer and smoke; geese, ducks and waterfowls; Lake Shirwa; the Blantyre mission; the Manganja highlands; a village scene; native honesty; discovery of Lake Nyassa; description of the Lake; lofty mountain ranges; Livingstone’s impressions; Mazitu and Zulu; native arms, dresses and customs; slave-hunting Arabs; slave caravans; population about Nyassa; storms on the lake; the first steamer; clouds of “Kungo” flies; elephant herds; charge of an elephant bull; exciting sport; African and Asiatic elephants; the Scottish mission stations; great wealth of Nyassaland; value to commerce; the English and Portuguese claims. AFRICAN RESOURCES, African coasts and mysteries; Negroland of the school-books; how to study Africa; a vast peninsula; the coast rind; central plateaus and mountain ranges; Stanley’s last discoveries; a field for naturalists; bird and insect life; wild and weird nature; vast area; incomputable population; types of African races; distribution of races; African languages; character of the human element; Africa and revelation; tribes of dwarfs; “Africa in a Nutshell”; various political divisions; variety of products; steamships and commerce; as an agricultural field; the lake systems; immense water-ways; internal improvements; Stanley’s observations; features of Equatorial Africa; extent of the Congo basin; the Zambesi and Nile systems; the geographical sections of the Congo system; the coast section; cataracts, mountains and plains; affluents of the great Congo; tribes of lower Congo; length of steam navigation; future pasture grounds of the world; the Niam-Niam and Dinka countries; empire of Tippoo Tib; richness of vegetable productions; varieties of animal life; immense forests and gigantic wild beasts; oils, gums and dyes; hides, furs, wax and ivory; iron, copper, and other minerals; the cereals, cotton, spices and garden vegetables; the labor and human resources; humanitarian and commercial problems; the Lualaba section; size, population and characteristics; navigable waters; Livingstone’s observations; tracing his footsteps; animal and vegetable life; stirring scenes and incidents; the Manyuema country; Lakes Moero and Bangweola; resources of forest and stream; climate and soil; a remarkable land; customs of natives; village architecture; river systems and watersheds; Stanley and Livingstone in the centre of the Continent; the Chambesi section; head-rivers of the Congo; the Tanganyika system; owners of the Congo basin; Stanley’s resume of African resources; a glowing picture. THE WHITE MAN IN AFRICA, Egyptian and Roman Colonists; Moorish invasion; Portugese advent; the commercial and missionary approach; triumphs of late explorers; can the white man live in Africa?; colonizing and civilizing; Stanley’s personal experience; he has opened a momentous problem; Stanley’s melancholy chapters; effect of wine and beer; the white man must not drink in Africa; must change and re- adapt his habits; visions of the colonists; effect of climate; kind of dress to wear; the best house to build; how to work and eat; when to travel; absurdities of strangers; following native examples; true rules of conduct; Stanley’s laws of health; African cold worse than African heat; guarding against fatigue; Dr. Martins code of health; the white man can live in Africa; future of the white races in the tropics; the struggle of foreign powers; missionary struggles; political and commercial outlook. 8 9 10 565 735 MISSIONARY WORK IN AFRICA, Africa for the Christian; Mohammedan influences; Catholic missions; traveler and missionary; the great revival following Stanley’s discoveries; Livingstone’s work; perils of missionary life; history of missionary effort; the Moors of the North; Abyssinian Christians; west-coast missions; various missionary societies; character of their work; Bishop Taylor’s wonderful work in Liberia, on the Congo, in Angola; nature of his plans; self-supporting churches; outline of his work; mission houses and farms; vivid descriptions and interesting letters; cheering reports from pioneers; South African missions; opening Bechuana-land; the Moffats and Coillards; Livingstone and McKenzie; the Nyassa missions; on Tanganyika; the Church in Uganda; murder of Harrington; the gospel on the east coast; Arabs as enemies; religious ideas of Africans; rites and superstitions; fetish and devil worship; importance of the mission field; sowing the seed; gathering the harvest. AFRICA’S LIGHTS AND SHADOWS, Arnot’s idea of Central Africa; killed by an elephant; the puff adder; the Kasai region; bulls for horses; a Congo hero; affection for mothers; caught by a crocodile; decline of the slave trade; the natives learning; books in native tongues; natives as laborers; understanding of the climate; Stanley on the Gombe; the leopard and spring-bock; habits of the antelope; Christian heroes in Africa; the boiling pot ordeal; adventures of a slave; Arab cruelties; a lion hunt; Mohammedan influence; a victim of superstition; Hervic women; Tataka mission in Liberia; a native war dance; African game laws; Viva on the Congo; rum in Africa; palavering; Emin Pasha at Zanzibar; the Sas-town tribes; an interrupted journey; in Monrovia; a sample sermon; the scramble for Africa; lions pulling down a giraffe; Kilimanjars, highest mountains in Africa; the Kru-coast Missions; a desperate situation; Henry M. Stanley and Emin Pasha; comparison of the two pioneers. pp. 800. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE. COLUMBIA PRESENTING STANLEY TO EUROPEAN SOVEREIGNS, Colored Plate Frontis- piece MARCHING THROUGH EQUATORIAL AFRICA 4 MAP OF CENTRAL AFRICA 16 and 17 HENRY M. STANLEY 18 THE BELLOWING HIPPOPOTAMI 23 SCENE ON LAKE TANGANYIKA 29 GATHERING TO MARKET AT NYANGWE 31 A SLAVE-STEALER’S REVENGE 34 BUFFALO AT BAY 38 FIGHT WITH AN ENRAGED HIPPOPOTAMUS 40 ROUNDING A PORTAGE 44 A NARROW ESCAPE 45 WHITE-COLLARED FISH-EAGLES 48 A TEMPORARY CROSSING 49 WEAVER-BIRDS’ NESTS 51 NATIVES’ CURIOSITY AT SIGHT OF A WHITE MAN 56 CAPTURING A CROCODILE 58 LIONS DRAGGING DOWN A BUFFALO 62 A FUNERAL DANCE 66 STANLEY’S FIGHT WITH BENGALA IN 1877 67 AFRICAN BLACK-SMITHS 71 AFRICAN HEADDRESSES 72 ORNAMENTED SMOKING PIPE 75 11 NIAM-NIAM HAMLET ON THE DIAMOONOO 76 NIAM-NIAM MINSTREL 79 NIAM-NIAM WARRIORS 79 RECEIVING THE BRIDE 81 A BONGO CONCERT 82 THE MASSACRE AT NYANGWE 90 KNIFE-SHEATH, BASKET, WOODEN-BOLSTER AND BEE-HIVE 96 RECEPTION BY AN AFRICAN KING 99 SACRIFICE OF SLAVES, Colored Plate 100 TIPPOO TIB’S GRAND CANOES GOING DOWN THE CONGO, FRONT 136 TIPPOO TIB’S GRAND CANOES GOING DOWN THE CONGO, REAR 137 HENRY M. STANLEY. From a Late Portrait 138 EMIN PASHA IN HIS TENT 142 NIAM-NIAM VILLAGE 146 CUTTING WOOD AT NIGHT FOR THE STEAMERS 149 INTERVIEW OF MAJOR BARTTELOT AND MR. JAMESON WITH TIPPOO TIB 149 AN AMBUSCADE 151 ELEPHANTS DESTROYING VEGETATION 157 THE CAPTURED BUFFALO 159 AFRICAN WARRIORS 159 ATTACK ON THE ENCAMPMENT 161 BEGINNING A HUT 164 STANLEY’S FIRST SIGHT OF EMIN’S STEAMER 165 THE SECOND STAGE 165 HUT COMPLETED IN AN HOUR 166 CAMP AT KINSHASSA, ON THE CONGO, WITH TIPPOO TIB’S HEADQUARTERS 170 SLAVE MARKET 180 LIVINGSTONE AND STANLEY 185 THE ROSETTA STONE 188 DE LESSEPS 190 CLEOPATRA 191 PHAROS LIGHT 192 ALEXANDER, THE GREAT 193 CLEOPATRA’S NEEDLE 193 THE SERAPEION 195 EGYPTIAN GOD 196 ROMAN CATACOMBS 196 MASSACRE OF MAMELUKES 199 VEILED BEAUTY 200 PYRAMIDS OF EGYPT 203 INTERIOR OF GREAT PYRAMID 204 THE SPHINX 206 STATUES OF MEMNON 210 RUINS IN THEBES 211 OBELISK OF KARNAK 213 SPHINX OF KARNAK 214 GATEWAY AT KARNAK 215 A MUMMY 216 TEMPLE AT EDFOU 217 ISIS ON PHILÆ 218 TEMPLE COURT, PHILÆ 220 TEMPLE AT IPSAMBUL 221 TEMPLE OF OSIRIS 222 TEMPLE OF ATHOR 224 ROCK TOMB OF BENI-HASSAN 226 EGYPTIAN BRICK FIELD 227 GROTTOES OF SAMOUN 228 A CHIEF’S WIFE 231 THE “FORTY THIEVES” 232 MOBBING A CROCODILE 234 RELEASING SLAVES 236 ATTACKED BY A HIPPOPOTAMUS 237 A SOUDAN WARRIOR 239 A NIGHT ATTACK 241 ELEPHANTS IN TROUBLE 242 SHAKING FRUIT 244 TABLE ROCK 245 NATIVE DANCE 246 ATTACK BY AMBUSCADE 248 HUNTING WITH FIRE 251 RESULTS OF FREEDOM 251 GORDON AS MANDARIN 253 PORTRAIT OF GORDON 256 PORTRAIT OF COLONEL BAKER 266 MAD’MLLE TINNE 268 LADY BAKER 270 SLAVE HUNTER’S VICTIM’S 271 WHITE NILE SWAMPS 274 CROSSING A SPONGE 276 PREPARING TO START 279 A ROYAL JOURNEY 291 MURCHISON FALLS 298 HENRY M. STANLEY 303 STANLEY ON THE MARCH 304 RUBAGA 314 SHOOTING A RHINOCEROS 328 LIVINGSTONE 330 LION ATTACKS LIVINGSTONE 333 CUTTING A ROAD 334 A BANYAN TREE 338 ANIMALS ON THE ZAMBESI 343 THE GONYE FALLS 344 HUNTING THE ELEPHANT 345 IN THE RAPIDS 348 VICTORIA FALLS 351 CHARGE OF A BUFFALO 355 NATIVE SLAVE HUNTERS 356 HUAMBO MAN AND WOMAN 359 SAMBO WOMAN 359 GANGUELA WOMEN 359 BIHE HEAD DRESS 361 QUIMBANDE GIRLS 361 CUBANGO HEAD-DRESS 361 LUCHAZE WOMAN 362 AMBUELLA WOMAN 362 SOVA DANCE 363 FORDING THE CUCHIBI 363 VICTORIA FALLS (BELOW) 365 ON TANGANYIKA 368 ANT HILL 371 GORILLAS 371 A SOKO HUNT 374 A DANGEROUS PRIZE 375 NYANGWE MARKET 378 STANLEY AT TANGANYIKA 380 STANLEY MEETS LIVINGSTONE 381 AFLOAT ON TANGANYIKA 382 DEEP-WATER FORDING 386 LAST DAY’S MARCH 388 DEATH OF LIVINGSTONE 389 THE KING’S MAGICIANS 390 A WEIR BRIDGE 395 FIGHTING HIS WAY 398 RESCUE OF ZAIDI 403 ATTACK BY THE BANGALA 405 IN THE CONGO RAPIDS 408 DEATH OF FRANK POCOCK 411 ZULUS 418 MY CATTLE WERE SAVED 420 BUFFALO HUNTERS 421 VILLAGE SCENE ON LAKE NYASSA 426 STORM ON LAKE NYASSA 434 AN ELEPHANT CHARGE 436 NATIVE HUNTERS KILLING SOKOS 446 AFRICAN ANT-EATER 446 TERRIBLE FIGHT OF AFRICAN MONARCHS, Colored Plate 446 QUICHOBO 446 THE “DEVIL OF THE ROAD,” ETC. 450 BUSH-BUCKS 450 NATIVE TYPES OF SOUTHERN SOUDAN 451 BARI OF GONDOKORO 453 CHASING GIRAFFES 457 NATIVE RAT-TRAP 463 AFRICAN HATCHET 464 NATIVES RUNNING TO WAR 466 UMBANGI BLACKSMITHS 469 NATIVES KILLING AN ELEPHANT 472 ON A JOURNEY IN THE KALAHARI DESERT 480 WOMEN CARRIERS 481 DRIVING GAME INTO THE HOPO 483 PIT AT END OF HOPO 483 CAPSIZED BY A HIPPOPOTAMUS 487 HUNTER’S PARADISE 488 BATLAPIN BOYS THROWING THE KIRI 492 PURSUIT OF THE WILD BOAR 492 RAIDING THE CATTLE SUPPLY 494 HUNTING ZEBRAS 497 DANGEROUS FORDING 503 A YOUNG SOKO 506 MANYUEMA WOMEN 510 TYPES OF AFRICAN ANTELOPES 515 BINKA CATTLE HERD 518 AFRICAN RHINOCEROS 534 ELEPHANT UPROOTING A TREE 540 COL. BAKER’S WAY OF REACHING BERBER 553 AFRICA METHODIST CONFERENCE 564 CHUMA AND SUSI 568 KING LOBOSSI 568 WEST AFRICAN MUSSULMAN 579 AN AFRICAN CHIEF 587 PORT AND TOWN OF ELMINA 592 COOMASSIE, THE CAPITAL OF ASHANTI 594 CANOE TRAVEL ON THE NIGER 598 MAP OF LIBERIA 604 METHODIST PARSONAGE OF AFRICA 606 AFRICAN VILLAGE AND PALAVER TREE 611 ST. PAUL DE LOANDA 618 FOREST SCENE IN ANGOLA 621 MUNDOMBES AND HUTS 626 NATIVE GRASS-HOUSE ON THE CONGO 629 SOME OF BISHOP TAYLOR’S MISSIONARIES 635 GARAWAY MISSION HOUSE 643 MAP OF ANGOLA 647 STEAM WAGONS FOR HAULING AT VIVI 659 REED DANCE BY MOONLIGHT 676 MISSION HOUSE AT VIVI 692 HUNTING THE GEMBOCK 696 BISHOP TAYLOR’S MISSIONS 699 A NATIVE WARRIOR 706 THE COILLARD CAMP 709 AT HOME AFTER THE HUNT 711 MOFFAT INSTITUTION—KURUMAN 713 MOFFAT’S COURAGE 715 NATIVES OF LARI AND MADI IN CAMP AT SHOO 719 TINDER-BOX, FLINT AND STEEL 726 A CARAVAN BOUND FOR THE INTERIOR 728 TRAVEL ON BULL-BACK AND NATIVE ESCORT 739 LEOPARD ATTACKING A SPRINGBOCK 747 A LION HUNT 757 NATIVE WAR DANCE 764 BUFFALO DEFENDING HER YOUNG 770 SEKHOMS AND HIS COUNSEL 774 AN INTERRUPTED JOURNEY 779 LIONS PULLIN DOWN A GIRAFFE 786 HUNTING LIONS 794 A DESPERATE SITUATION 797 DINING ON THE BANKS OF THE SHIRE 800 Map. CENTRAL AFRICA AND THE CONGO BASIN. Larger: A. B. C. D. E. F. HENRY M. STANLEY. HENRY M. STANLEY. The news rang through the world that Stanley was safe. For more than a year he had been given up as lost in African wilds by all but the most hopeful. Even hope had nothing to rest upon save the dreamy thought that he, whom hardship and danger had so often assailed in vain, would again come out victorious. The mission of Henry M. Stanley to find, succor and rescue Emin Pasha, if he were yet alive, not only adds to the life of this persistent explorer and wonderful adventurer one of its most eventful and thrilling chapters, but throws more light on the Central African situation than any event in connection with the discovery and occupation of the coveted areas which lie beneath the equatorial sun. Its culmination, both in the escape of the hero himself and in the success of his perilous errand, to say nothing of its far-reaching effects upon the future of “The Dark Continent,” opens, as it were, a new volume in African annals, and presents a new point of departure for scientists, statesmen and philanthropists. Space must be found further on for the details of that long, exciting and dangerous journey, which reversed all other tracks of African travel, yet redounded more than all to the glory of the explorer and the advancement of knowledge respecting hidden latitudes. But here we can get a fair view of a situation, which in all its lights and shadows, in its many startling outlines, in its awful suggestion of possibilities, is perhaps the most interesting and fateful now before the eyes of modern civilization. It may be very properly asked, at the start, who is this wizard of travel, this dashing adventurer, this heroic explorer and rescuer, this pioneer of discovery, who goes about in dark, unfathomed places, defying flood and climate, jungle and forest, wild beast and merciless savage, and bearing a seemingly charmed life? Who is this genius who has in a decade revolutionized all ancient methods of piercing the heart of the unknown, and of revealing the mysteries which nature has persistently hugged since “the morning stars first sang together in joy?” The story of his life may be condensed into a brief space—brief yet eventful as that of a conqueror, moved ever to conquest by sight of new worlds. Henry M. Stanley was born in the hamlet of Denbigh, in Wales, in 1840. His parents, who bore the name of Rowland, were poor; so poor, indeed, that the boy, at the age of three years, was virtually on the town. At the age of thirteen, he was turned out of the poor-house to shift for himself. Fortunately, a part of the discipline had been such as to assure him the elements of an English education. The boy must have improved himself beyond the opportunities there at hand, for in two or three years afterwards, he appeared in North Wales as a school-teacher. Thence he drifted to Liverpool, where he shipped as a cabin-boy on a sailing-vessel, bound for New Orleans. Here he drifted about in search of employment till he happened upon a merchant and benefactor, by the name of Stanley. The boy proved so bright, promising and useful, that his employer adopted him as his son. Thus the struggling John 19 20 Rowland became, by adoption, the Henry M. Stanley of our narrative. Before he came of age, the new father died without a will, and his business and estate passed away from the foster child to those entitled at law. But for this misfortune, or rather great good fortune, he might have been lost to the world in the counting-room of a commercial city. He was at large on the world again, full of enterprise and the spirit of adventure. The civil war was now on, and Stanley entered the Confederate army. He was captured by the Federal forces, and on being set at liberty threw his fortunes in with his captors by joining the Federal navy, the ship being the Ticonderoga, on which he was soon promoted to the position of Acting Ensign. After the war, he developed those powers which made him such an acquisition on influential newspapers. He was of genial disposition, bright intelligence, quick observation and surprising discrimination. His judgment of men and things was sound. He loved travel and adventure, was undaunted in the presence of obstacles, persistent in every task before him, and possessed shrewd insight into human character and projects. His pen was versatile and his style adapted to the popular taste. No man was ever better equipped by nature to go anywhere and make the most of every situation. In a single year he had made himself a reputation by his trip through Asia Minor and other Eastern countries. In 1866 he was sent by the New York Herald, as war correspondent, to Abyssinia. The next year he was sent to Spain by the same paper, to write up the threatened rebellion there. In 1869 he was sent by the Herald to Africa to find the lost Livingstone. A full account of this perilous journey will be found elsewhere in this volume, in connection with the now historic efforts of that gallant band of African pioneers who immortalized themselves prior to the founding of the Congo Free State. Suffice it to say here, that it took him two years to find Livingstone at Ujiji, upon the great lake of Tanganyika, which lake he explored, in connection with Livingstone, and at the same time made important visits to most of the powerful tribes that surround it. He returned to civilization, but remained only a short while, for by 1874 he was again in the unknown wilds, and this time on that celebrated journey which brought him entirely across the Continent from East to West, revealed the wonderful water resources of tropical Africa and gave a place on the map to that remarkable drainage system which finds its outlet in the Congo river. Says the Rev. Geo. L. Taylor of this march: “It was an undertaking which, for grandeur of conception, and for sagacity, vigor, and completeness of execution, must ever rank among the marches of the greatest generals and the triumphs of the greatest discoverers of history. No reader can mentally measure and classify this exploit who does not recall the prolonged struggles that have attended the exploration of all great first-class rivers—a far more difficult work, in many respects, than ocean sailing. We must remember the wonders and sufferings of Orellana’s voyages (though in a brigantine, built on the Rio Napo, and with armed soldiers) down that “Mediterranean of Brazil,” the Amazon, from the Andes to the Atlantic, in 1540. We must recall the voyage of Marquette and Joliet down the Mississippi in 1673; the toils of Park and Landers on the Niger, 1795-1830; and of Speke and Baker on the Nile, 1860- 1864, if we would see how the deed of Stanley surpasses them all in boldness and generalship, as it promises also to surpass them in immediate results. The object of the voyage was two-fold: first, to finish the work of Speke and Grant in exploring the great Nile lakes; and, secondly, to strike the great Lualaba where Livingstone left it, and follow it to whatever sea or ocean it might lead.” And again:—“The story of the descent of the great river is an Iliad in itself. Through hunger and weariness; through fever, dysentery, poisoned arrows, and small-pox; through bellowing hippopotami, crocodiles, and monsters; past mighty tributaries, themselves great first-class rivers; down roaring rapids, whirlpools, and cataracts; through great canoe-fleets of saw-teethed, fighting, gnashing cannibals fiercer than tigers; through thirty-two battles on land and river, often against hundreds of great canoes, some of them ninety feet long and with a hundred spears on board; and, at last, through the last fearful journey by land and water down the tremendous cañon below Stanley Pool, still they went on, and on, relentlessly on, till finally they got within hailing and helping distance of Boma, on the vast estuary by the sea; and on August 9, 1877, the news thrilled the civilized world that Stanley was saved, and had connected Livingstone’s Lualaba with Tuckey’s Congo! After 7,000 miles’ wanderings in 1,000 days save one from Zanzibar, and four times crossing the Equator, he looked white men in the face once more, and was startled that they were so pale! Black had become the normal color of the human face. Thus the central stream of the second vastest river on the globe, next to the Amazon in magnitude, was at last explored, and a new and unsuspected realm was disclosed in the interior of a prehistoric continent, itself the oldest cradle of civilization. The delusions of ages were swept away at one masterful stroke, and a new world was discovered by a new Columbus in a canoe.” 21 22 23 THE BELLOWING HIPPOPOTAMI. Larger. It was on that memorable march that he came across the wily Arab, Tippoo Tib, at the flourishing market-town of Nyangwe, who was of so much service to Stanley on his descent of the Lualaba (Congo) from Nyangwe to Stanley Falls, 1,000 miles from Stanley Pool, but who has since figured in rather an unenviable light in connection with efforts to introduce rays of civilization into the fastnesses of the Upper Congo. This, as well as previous journeys of Stanley, established the fact that the old method of approaching the heart of the Continent by desert coursers, or of threading its hostile mazes without armed help, was neither expeditious nor prudent. It revolutionized exploration, by compelling respect from hostile man and guaranteeing immunity from attack by wild beast. For nearly three years Stanley was lost to the civilized world in this trans-continental journey. Its details, too, are narrated elsewhere in this volume, with all its vicissitude of 7,000 miles of zigzag wandering and his final arrival on the Atlantic coast—the wonder of all explorers, the admired of the scientific world. Such was the value of the information he brought to light in this eventful journey, such the wonderful resource of the country through which he passed after plunging into the depths westward of Lake Tanganyika, and such the desirability of this new and western approach to the heart of the continent, not only for commercial but political and humanitarian purposes, that the cupidity of the various colonizing nations, especially of Europe, was instantly awakened, and it was seen that unless proper steps were taken, there must soon be a struggle for the possession of a territory so vast and with such possibilities of empire. To obviate a calamity so dire as this, the happy scheme was hit upon to carve out of as much of the new discovered territory as would be likely to embrace the waters of the Congo and control its ocean outlet, a mighty State which was to be dedicated for ever to the civilized nations of the world. In it there should be no clash of foreign interests, but perfect reciprocity of trade and free scope for individual or corporate enterprise without respect to nationality. The king of Belgium took a keen interest in the project, and through his influence other powers of Europe, and even the United States, became enlisted. A plan of the proposed State was drafted and it soon received international ratification. The new power was to be known as the Congo Free State, and it was to be, for the time being, under control of an Administrator General. To the work of founding this State, giving it metes and bounds, securing its recognition among the nations, removing obstacles to its approach, establishing trading posts and developing its commercial features, Stanley now addressed himself. We have been made familiar with his plans for securing railway communication between the mouth of the Congo and Stanley Pool, a distance of nearly 200 miles inland, so as to overcome the difficult, if not impossible, navigation of the swiftly rushing river. We have also heard of his successful efforts to introduce navigation, by means of steamboats, upon the more placid waters of the Upper Congo and upon its numerous affluents. Up until the year 1886, the most of his time was devoted to fixing the infant empire permanently on the map of tropical Africa and giving it identity among the political and industrial powers of earth. In reading of Stanley and studying the characteristics of his work one naturally gravitates to the thought, that in all things respecting him, the older countries of Europe are indebted to the genius of the newer American institution. We cannot yet count upon the direct advantages of a civilized Africa upon America. In a political and commercial sense our activity cannot be equal to that of Europe on account of our remoteness, and because we are, as yet, but little more than colonists ourselves. Africa underlies Europe, is contiguous to it, is by nature situated so as to become an essential part of that mighty earth-tract which the sun of civilization is, sooner or later, to illuminate. Besides Europe has a need for African acquisition and settlement which America has not. Her areas are small, her population has long since reached the point of overflow, her money is abundant and anxious for inviting foreign outlets, her manufacturing centres must have new cotton and jute fields, not to mention supplies of raw material of a thousand kinds, her crowded establishments must have the cereal foods, add to all these the love of empire which like a second nature with monarchical rulers, and the desire for large landed estates which is a characteristic of titled nobility, and you have a few of the inducements to African conquest and colonization which throw Europe in the foreground. Yet while all these are true, it is doubtful if, with all her advantages of wealth, location and resource, she has done as much for the evangelization of Africa as has America. No, nor as much for the systematic and scientific opening of its material secrets. And this brings us to the initial idea of this paragraph again. Though Stanley was a foreign waif, cast by adverse circumstances on our shores, it seemed to require the robust freedom and stimulating opportunities of republican institutions to awaken and develop in him the qualities of the strong practical and venturesome man he became. Monarchy may not fetter thought, but it does restrain actions. It grooves and ruts human energy by laws of custom and by arbitrary rules of caste. It would 24 25 26