Standard Methods for Thermal Comfort Assessment of Clothing Textile Institute Professional Publications Series Editor: The Textile Institute Care and Maintenance of Textile Products Including Apparel and Protective Clothing Rajkishore Nayak, Saminathan Ratnapandian The Grammar of Pattern Michael Hann Standard Methods for Thermal Comfort Assessment of Clothing Ivana Špelić, Alka Mihelić-Bogdanić, Anica Hursa Šajatović For more information about this series, please visit: www.crcpress.com/Textile-Institute- Professional-Publications/book-series/TIPP Standard Methods for Thermal Comfort Assessment of Clothing Authored by Ivana peli , Alka Miheli -Bogdani , Š ć ć ć Anica Hursa ajatovi Š ć CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2019 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-39147-5 (Hardback) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-39098-0 (Paperback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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Description: First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018061308| ISBN 9781138391475 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781138390980 (pbk. : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780429422997 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Clothing and dress--Testing--Standards. | Textile fabrics--Testing--Standards. | Fashion design--Standards. | Clothing and dress--Physiological aspects. | Temperature--Physiological aspects. | Human comfort. Classification: LCC TT499 .S64 2018 | DDC 646/.3--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018061308 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com To our friends, families, colleagues and miracles … for you help us to keep learning, and without whom none of this would have been possible. Contents Preface.......................................................................................................................xi Textile Institute Professional Publications .............................................................xiii Author Bios ..............................................................................................................xv Chapter 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................1 References ............................................................................................4 Chapter 2 Behind the Scenes: Thermal Regulation in Humans ...........................7 2.1 Thermodynamical Analysis ......................................................8 2.2 Physical Analysis .....................................................................12 2.2.1 Heat Balance ..............................................................13 2.2.2 Heat Production ..........................................................15 2.2.3 Heat Loss ....................................................................19 2.3 Thermophysiological Analysis ................................................23 2.3.1 The Human Thermal Homeostasis and Thermostatic Neural Mechanism ...............................23 2.3.2 The Anatomy of Thermoregulation ...........................26 2.3.2.1 The Central Thermostatic Control and Hypothalamus .............................................30 2.3.2.2 The Peripheral Reception and Skin ............33 References ..........................................................................................38 Chapter 3 Modelling Heat Losses from the Human Body .................................43 3.1 The Comfort in Humans ..........................................................45 3.2 Thermal Comfort: Environmental, Personal and Clothing Properties .................................................................................48 3.2.1 Clothing as a Second Skin: Preserving Thermal Comfort ......................................................................52 3.2.2 From Fibres to Clothing: Thermal Properties and Applications ................................................................53 3.2.2.1 Heat Transmission through Textiles and Clothing ...............................................56 3.2.2.2 Moisture Transmission through Textiles and Clothing ..................................62 References ..........................................................................................76 Chapter 4 The Importance of Globally Accepted Test Methods and Standards ............................................................................................83 4.1 Testing the Thermal Properties of Textiles and Clothing .......84 vii viii Contents 4.1.1 Textile Thermal Comfort Testing ...............................86 4.1.2 Clothing Thermal Comfort Testing ............................91 4.1.3 Subjective Judgements and Wear Trials: What Do We Have to Say? ...................................................97 4.2 Improving Comfort in Textiles and Clothing and Future Trends .........................................................................101 References ........................................................................................112 Chapter 5 Why Use Thermal Comfort Standards? ...........................................121 5.1 The Basic Principles of Standard Approval ..........................123 5.2 The Types of Standards .........................................................127 5.3 The Benefits Provided by Standards .....................................128 References ........................................................................................130 Chapter 6 Who Creates Standards? ..................................................................135 6.1 The National Organisations for Standardisation ...................135 6.1.1 BSI Organisation ......................................................135 6.1.2 DIN Organisation .....................................................136 6.1.3 ASTM Organisation .................................................136 6.1.4 ASHRAE Organisation ............................................137 6.2 The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) ...138 References ........................................................................................141 Chapter 7 The Standardisation of Thermal Comfort ........................................145 7.1 The History of Standardisation .............................................145 7.2 The Beginnings and First Standards of Thermal Comfort ......146 7.3 Further Development and Necessary Improvements ............154 References ........................................................................................163 Chapter 8 The Distribution of Standards on Thermal Comfort .......................173 8.1 The Basic Distributions of Standards in the Field of the Ergonomics of the Thermal Environment ...................174 8.2 Coding of Standards for Cataloguing Their Type .................179 References ........................................................................................181 Chapter 9 Overview of the Most Significant Standards on Thermal Comfort .............................................................................183 9.1 The Most Significant ISO and European Standards on Thermal Comfort ...................................................................183 9.1.1 The Standard Evaluating Physical Quantities ..........184 9.1.1.1 Temperature Measurements – Requirements for Measuring Equipment .....186 Contents ix 9.1.1.2 Humidity Measurements – Requirements for Measuring Equipment ..............................189 9.1.1.3 Pressure Measurements – Requirements for Measuring Equipment ............................190 9.1.1.4 Air Velocity Measurements – Requirements for Measuring Equipment .....191 9.1.2 Standards Assessing the Thermal Comfort and Physiological Responses of Humans ........................192 9.1.3 The Standards Assessing Heat Stress ......................196 9.1.4 The Standards Assessing Cold Stress ......................202 9.2 The Most Significant ASTM Standards on Thermal Comfort .................................................................................210 9.3 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals .................................215 References ........................................................................................216 Index ......................................................................................................................221 Standards Index ...................................................................................................227