THE SCHOOL OF ALEXANDRIA THE DEANS OF THE SCHOOL OF ALEXANDRIA POPE PETER OF ALEXANDRIA preparatory edition 2005 FR. TADROS Y. MALATY St. George Coptic Orthodox Church Alexandria - Egypt 4 1 HIS LIFE “Love is strong as death” Song 8:6. Love is neither a verbal action, nor a sentiment, rather is a positive action of self-giving, and self- sacrificing on behalf of the beloved one! Accordingly our father, the blessed Peter who acknowledged God as the true Love, he loved men, suffering many troubles from both the inside and outside church for the sake of the salvation of his people. St. Peter was tortured because of the persecution that befell his children, first under Diocletian and, later, under Maximin Daia. He suffered death every day for the sake of Christ. His spirit was bitter for the schism of the church that occurred by Melitius of Lycopolis (Asyout). He was in agony because of the heresies, especially of the Arians who denied the divinity of our Lord Jesus Christ. He wrote to the emperor while he was in prison expecting his execution, not to flatter him, but to ask him not to submit to his own thoughts, as he gave himself over to the demons. Finally, when almost all the Alexandrian believers went out to prison to die for their Pope (Archbishop), he gave his life secretly, asking God that his blood would be the last that is shed in Egypt under the Roman rule. In the “Encomium1,” attributed to his disciple Pope Alexander of Alexandria, he was likened to the prophets, high-priests, apostles, and the evangelists: “O glorious, excellent one, you who were born as a consequence of a vow as was John the Baptist! O, you who were given as a gift from God like the prophet Samuel, being worthy like that one of the gift of prophecy and wondrous revelations from the time of your childhood! O you who were called to the high priesthood like the priest Aaron - or rather (you who) have been exalted above Aaron, for he was (a priest) figuratively, while you are one in truth. O you who were worthy of the gift of healing, like Peter... your namesake, from whom you have inherited the power which he was given of binding and loosing in heaven! O you who, like Paul, have preached, strengthening also the hearts 1 A seventh-century (?) Coptic (Bohairic) manuscript, translated from the text edited by Henri Hyvernat, “Les Acts des martyrs de l’ Egypte” (Hildesheim and New York, 1977), 247- 62. Dr. Tim Vivian translated it in his book, “St. Peter of Alexandria, Bishop and Martyr” (Philadelphia, 1988), Appendix 4, p. 79. 5 of your flock by your catholic letters! O you who, like John the Theologian, have closed the mouths of heretics! O you who, like James the holy apostle, were killed by the sword for Christ, you are likened to him when he willingly went before the Jewish officials, saying to them, “I am the one whom you seek,” giving his life for his sheep. You have taken the likeness of this one in everything, laying down your life for your flock by robbing it from them and entrusting it to the sword for them. Come now, let us provide the conclusion, O my faithful children, just as we have heard and seen.” SON OF PRAYER On entering the Alexandrian Cathedral to participate in the Apostles Feast (5th of Abeeb, 12th of July); Sophia, the wife of the Alexandrian proto-priest (protopresbyters) Theodosius, began to weep. It seems that she came from Alexandrian nobility, for she is mentioned in the Encomium that she was “of those who are honored1.” She could see everybody gathering around the icon of the Apostles, anointing their children with the oil of the candle hanging in front of the icon2. She lifted up her heart towards God and sighed in humbleness, asking Him in the prayers of His Apostles to grant her a child that would serve Him all his life, saying: “Almighty God, who do all things in abundance, more than the things we ask, who heard his servant Hanna. And gave her Samuel the Prophet whom she in return dedicated him to your holy temple. Listen to Your servant request, give me offspring, and I believe that he will be for you a servant as well..” She repeated this prayer three times, and in the fear of God she received the holy communion. At the same night, while Sophia was asleep, she saw two persons wearing white garments, who said to her: “Do not be sad! The Lord heard your prayer, and will give you a child who shall be a father of many nations. His name will be as great as Samuel the Prophet, for he is too a son of promise! Thus when you wake up in the morning, go and see the Archbishop Theonas and tell him the story, and he shall pray for you.” The woman woke up in joy, and told her husband about the vision, and he asked her to hurry to the Pope. The Pope blessed her and said, “Let what heaven told you become 1 Tim Vivian, p.10; Encomium, p. 79. 2 Kamel Saleh Nakhla: History of Pope Peter I, July 1947, p. 6 (in Arabic). 6 fulfilled, for God is faithful in His promises. He is Almighty, and His works are wonders in His saints. May it be done just as you have believed. May the Lord Jesus Christ fulfill your request just as He did with (Hanna’s), the mother of the prophet Samuel.” Upon hearing this she went away from him in peace. On the following Apostles’ feast, Sophia gave birth to a baby boy, and informed the Pope who shared the parents’ joy and told them: “Call him ‘Peter,’ that he may obtain the blessings of the feast’s saint (St. Peter)1.” IN THE CHURCH’S BOSOM Three years later, the parents took their child Peter, whom they nursed in the warmth of their faith, and visited the Pope, and said to him2, “This is the son of your prayers and the fruit of your blessings.” The Pope bore the child, baptized him, and blessed him and his parents. Peter grew in stature and favor. At the age of five, his parents sent him to learn religion and ecclesiastics. When he was seven years old, they dedicated him as a gift to the church like the prophet Samuel. And they said to the Pope, “Here is the child of your prayers; may he always be as a servant of God and Your people like Peter the apostle.” And in this way the Pope received Peter as a beloved son. Then he made him a lector (Oghnostos) and kept him near, in a tranquil place, so he could learn by heart the Old and New Testaments, and, by the grace of God, the Holy Spirit filled the child. He knew how to recite in such a way that everyone came early to church because of the sweetness and spirituality with which he read the lessons. St. Alexander relates how the young lector had a gift of the exorcism of evil spirits. He said that one day a woman suffering from an unclean spirit came to the church. The spirit cried out in her, “Unless Peter the lector comes and prays, I will not leave.” The Pope called him and said to him, “Peter, go and heal the woman.” But he wept, saying, “Forgive me, my holy father, I have not yet attained that degree (of perfection); this demon is mocking me.” The Pope said to him, “Listen to me, my son, and do not disobey me.” Then St. Peter, in humility of heart, and as one completing an act of obedience, took water, had the Pope bless it with the sign of the holy cross, went out, and threw it on the woman, saying, “In the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of the Living God, who was crucified to save the 1 History of Patriarchs for Ibn-el (The son of) Mekafaa, Manuscript No. 13 History at the Patrirchate Library, p. 39, 40 (in Arabic). Al-Mayamer, Manuscript No. 40, History at the Patrirchate Library, p. 158 (in Arabic). 2 Ibid. 7 whole world, and by the prayers of my holy father, come out of her and never be able to come back to her!” And immediately the demon, like a flaming fire, left her, while everyone watched him, and those who were watching glorified God, saying, “Truly, the hand of the Lord is with this child!” By the age of twelve Peter was ordained a deacon, serving the church in a pious and ascetic spirit. He kept close to the church day and night, devoting his time to his studies and behaving in humbleness. The whole church loved him, and he was ordained priest at the age of sixteen1. From time to time, St. Peter would withdraw himself from priestly duties to study the Holy Bible. Thus, he was qualified to be appointed as the director of the School of Alexandria2, and deserved to be called: ‘The excellent doctor’ in Christianity3. WITH BISHOP SABELLIUS Sabellius was the bishop of Ptolemais4, a port that belongs to the “Five Western Cities,” or “Pentapolis,” which were wedged between Tripoli and the Egyptian province of Mareotis in the western desert. It is believed that this bishop contributed to the heresy of “Sabellianism,” which denies the Three Hypostaseis (Persons) of the divine essence. Instead, they considered that the Holy Trinity (the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit) are only descriptions given to the three roles of the One God, or the three modes of His self-manifestation. For this reason this heresy was also known as “modalism,” or in Latin as “patripassions,” i.e., passions of the Father, because this doctrine led to the conclusion that the Father was subjected to the sufferings of the cross in the model of the Son. Sabellius came to Alexandria to discuss his idea with the Pope, who selected presbyter Peter for the job. At first the bishop despised the young priest, but as the discussion went on he was conquered distinctly, and it was said that the bishop became seriously ill and died instantaneously, and all his followers were demolished5. Then the Pope sent a decree throughout all Egypt: “May he who says that the Holy Trinity - Father, Son, Holy Spirit - is a single Person be anathema! As for us, we say: The Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit are indeed three Persons, but they are a single divinity, one essence, one 1 Ibid 2 Jurgens; The Faith of The Early Fathers, 1970, P 259. 3 Guettee; Histoire De L’Eglise, Paris et Bruxelles, 1886, t.11, p. 228. 4 Pentapolis means the “ Five Cities.” 5 See H.H. Pope Shenouda III: St.Mark, May 1975, p 44 - 47. Ebn-el-Mekafaa, p. 41, Al-Mayamer, Manuscript No. 40, p. 159 8 Lordship, a Trinity in unity1.” HIS MIRACLES According to the Encomium which is attributed to Pope Alexander it is said: “O how many were the gifts of healing which God granted him because of the purity of his body and his soul and his spirit, so that many times he was worthy to see the Son of the living God upon the holy altar, giving (the communion) by the hand of the Pope to those who deserved it.” Once he saw the Lord’s Hand forbid Pope Theonas from giving Communion to an unrepentant person2. The Pope said to the man, “My son, you cannot receive these fearful mysteries if you have not first been purified from such and such sin. As often, therefore, as the good God, out of his love for men, grants you repentance, purify yourself first before you approach this place, lest you receive great punishment instead of pardon.” No one saw this wonder revealed except the Pope and St. Peter. The same gift was granted to him after his ordination as a priest and also as the Archbishop. Once as the believers were leaving the church, after the service of a feast, they were confronted with a man possessed by an evil spirit, roaring like a lion and throwing stones at them. They hurried back to church in fear and informed the Pope who asked presbyter Peter to exorcise that evil spirit. The priest brought a vessel, filled it with water, and gave it to the Pope to sign it with the cross and blow in it. He then took some of the water and sprinkled it on the face of the sick man, saying, “In the Name of my Lord Jesus Christ, the Living Son of God, who exorcised ‘legion,’ and healed the sick, get out of the man, by the prayers of my father St. Theonas the Patriarch, and do not return in him again.” Soon the evil spirit left him, and the man returned to normal and became calm. This is one of the many miracles that God accomplished through this Saint3. There was a man in the city whose hands were crippled (twisted so that he could not straighten them at all). As there was a service, he went to the church and desired to receive the holy mysteries from the hands of the Pope, and because his hands were crippled he opened his mouth to receive them. The Pope said to him, “My son, stretch forth your hands and take for yourself.” Immediately his hands became straight and he stretched them forth and received the holy mysteries, and glorified God. 1 Encomium 2 St. George Coptic Orthodox Church, Sporting, Alexandria: St. Peter the First (in Arabic). 3 Ebn-el-mekafaa 41; Al-Mayamer, p. 160; Manuscript 608 at the Patriarchate Library (year 1558 A.D) contains the miracles performed by St. Peter the First. 9 ON ST. MARK’S THRONE When time drew near for the departure of Pope Theonas, the presbyters and the people gathered around their shepherd weeping over him, and saying, “Our father, you are departing, and we shall be left like orphans after you!” The Pope smiled in modesty, and pointed at Peter and said, “That is your father who shall shepherd you after me. Let me tell you something strange that I cannot hide. Once as I was praying the psalms at night, lying down because of my sickness, I asked the Lord to send a good shepherd to take care of His flock, according to His will, during this persecution1. The King, Lord of Glory, appeared to me and said, ‘Do not be afraid, O gardener of the spiritual Paradise and do not be worried. Hand it over to Peter the Presbyter to water it, and come here to rest with your fathers.” Pope Theonas then looked at his disciple Peter, and said, “Be en- couraged my son, because God is with you. Take good care of the farm (God’s flocks).” And all who were present cried out together, saying. “(Axious) Worthy, worthy, worthy, for he is truly worthy of the rank of the Patriarchate.” According to Severus Ebn-al-Maqafaa, the assembled priests approved the choice by the laying of hands. This passage has been cited as an evidence for papal election by the priests of Alexandria up to the election of St. Alexander, whom the bishops chose. St. Peter wept and knelt before his father, saying, “I am not worthy and have no strength for such a great work.” The Pope replied, “It is Christ who commands you. Let no one oppose the One who has chosen you.” The Pope took leave of his children, gave them peace, and lifted his eyes towards heaven and whispered, “Behold! The King of Glory and His saintly angels are coming!.” He gave up his last breath on 2nd of Touba in the year 18 of the Coptic calendar (28th of December 301 A.D). The presbyter Peter was consecrated as the 17th Patriarch of Alexandria, in the presence of members of the clergy and the people on Amsheer 1st , 18 (January 25th, 302 A.D). He succeeded in inciting his people to be involved in the holy commandments, especially practising charity. He made the poor equal to the rich through their (the Rich’s) charity, and the rich differed not at all from the poor in all the good things which pleased the Lord, according to what is written. THE DIOCLETIAN PERSECUTION 1 Which occurred by Diocletian. 10 After about 3 years of St. Peter’s Patriarchate1, a fierce storm of persecution was stirred up by Emperor Diocletian and one of his assistants, Maximin. Calamities befell the believers, many were killed, others fled to the desert, many bishops were imprisoned and churches were destroyed. Duane W.H. Arnold says, “This most lengthy and serious persecution which the Christian church had endured was initiated by Diocletian in February A.D 303. It was most severe in Africa and the eastern portion of the empire, under Maximian and Constantius (the father of Constantine). Very little was done to promulgate the persecution or, indeed, the other decrees issued by Diocletian2. In Egypt, however, the persecution was intense and martyrdom was common. Upon Diocletian’s retirement in 305 A.D, the situation became markedly worse with the accession of Galerius and his appointment of Maximin as Caesar over the civil diocese of Oriens which included Egypt and the Palestinian and Syrian littoral. The severity of the persecution in Egypt continued unabated under Maximin apart from a brief interruption in the spring of 311 A.D as Galerius himself was dying. Maximin, however, resumed his efforts against the churches in the east by the autumn of that same year. The persecution in Egypt finally came to an end in 313 A.D after Licinius seized control of the empire in the east3.” The first edict of Diocletian was issued in the imperial city of Nicomedia, in 23 February 303 A.D. The second was in the early summer of 303 A.D against the leaders of the churches. The order was given in the early summer of 303 A.D that all the headleaders of the churches should be first committed to prison, then afterwards compelled by every kind of sacrifice devices to sacrifice4. According to the Encomium attributed to the Pope Alexander5: [Because of this persecution, therefore, St. Peter fled to Mesopotamia with me (Pope Alexader) and my father, Achillas. Now, when he had come into a city in order to rest there, the ruler found out (about it) and he sent for us. He asked the Pope, “What is your profession? Why have you come here?” St. Peter said to him, “I am a general going from place to place, arming soldiers for Christ, my King.” The ruler said to him, “Where are the provisions which you give to them, 1 Eusebius: H.E. 7:32:30. 2 Cf. T.D. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, London 1981, 11, for other examples of decrees not being promulgated in the West despite Diocletian’s issuance of such decrees “in the name of all the emperors” and his speaking “as if legislating for the whole empire.” 3 Duane Wade-Hampton Arnold: The Early Career of Athanasius of Alexandria, Indiana 1991, p. 48. 4 Eusebius: 8:2:4. . 5 Encomium, 83 11 and the arms of your army? (Where is) your king?” The blessed Archbishop said to him, “The arms of our army are the holy seal and the baptism of “rebirth,” and the provisions that He (God) gives to them now are the manifestation of the Holy Spirit according to what is profitable for men: to one, a word of wisdom; to another, a word of knowledge; to yet another, gifts of healing. When they have finished their struggle, then He gives them the good things of heaven, for he Himself, my King, is in heaven.” The ruler of all (the people of) that city said, “Since you have said that your king gives the gift of healing, behold, we will bring to you a blind man. If you open his eyes, we will believe in Christ-all of us.” And they brought the blind man. Then St. Peter touched his eyes, saying. “In the name of my Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of the Living God, see!” His eyes were opened. Oh, how great was the shouting there! Everyone cried out, “One is Christ, the God of the Christians is the only (God)! Give us the seal of Christ! Arm us (as) soldiers for him, the true king, Jesus Christ our Lord!” And he spent the rest of that day instructing all of them in the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit. (On that day) 10,000 souls (were gained in our Lord’s flocks).] Christians were then considered as enemies of the state. Many were jailed - including at Alexandria the bishops Hesychius, Pachomius, Theodorus, and Phileas, all of whom were later martyred. Some apostasies undoubtedly took place. Many fled, one of them was St. Peter1. According to “The Martyrdom of Saint Peter,” “Peter, avoiding the madness of the persecutors, went as a fugitive from place to place. Hiding himself, he passed most of the time in Mesopotamia, and in like manner concealed himself in Syria of Phoenicia. He continued his wandering for a longer time in Palestine, and then stayed for some time in the islands. In all these places he did not cease from writing by night or day, strengthening not only the clergy but also the laity in the unity of Christ2.” Pope Alexander says, “While we were still in that place, Satan raised up yet a little trouble against the church, for there was a certain Melitius, a bishop of Lycopolis - he wished to seize the arch bishopric3.” When there was a little peace, St. Peter returned to Alexandria and threw Melitius out. 1 W.H.C. Frend: Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church, p. 498, and Vivian state that St. Peter fled after the fourth edict, at the beginning of 304. Bardenhewre prefers to place his flight in 303 after the second edict. 2 W. Telfer: “St. Peter of Alexandria and Arius, p. 126; Vivian, p. 18. 3 Encomium, 83. 12 THE MELITIAN SCHISM What made this severe persecution unbearable was the inner schism caused by Melitius, the bishop of Lycopolis (Asiout) in Upper-Egypt. According to St. Epiphanius, “Melitius was also thought to be preeminent throughout Egypt and was second only to Peter in the arch bishopric (of Egypt)1.” The real cause of this schism is still obscure. 1. Egyptian manuscripts, the Coptic historians and some of the western historians rely on St. Athanasius, who wrote on the subject some fifty years later2. He stated that Melitius sacrificed to the idols during the period of persecution to save his life, and when the Pope imposed a punishment on him he disputed. The Pope then assembled a council of bishops in Alexandria, and Melitius was convicted and deposed. Melitius did not try to appeal to another council, nor did he attempt to justify his behavior to the council of bishops, but rather he created a schism and took upon himself, not only to ordain priests, but to consecrate bishops as well. 2. However, the majority of historians rely on the writings of St. Epiphanius3, and they reckon that during the year 304 A.D a number of Egyptian bishops including the Pope and Melitius were imprisoned for a period of time. During the time a dispute arose among them on how the church would treat the “lapsed brothers.” On one side Melitius held a vigorous attitude against them. He insisted that they should be banned from the church forever, as traitors or coward soldiers escaped from the battlefield4. As for the lapsed clergy they should be replaced by others5. On the other side, the Pope held a milder attitude towards them, and could not tolerate blocking the doors of salvation in front of the thousands forever! The quarrel grew bitter, and according to St. Epiphanius, “When Archbishop Peter saw that the Melitians opposed his counsel of brotherly love and bore an excessive godly zeal, he himself, by spreading out his himation, that is, his cloak or pallium, set up a curtain dividing their prison and proclaimed through his deacon, “Let those who are of my opinion come forward to me and let those who hold the view of Melitius go to him.” The majority of the bishops and monks and elders and those of other orders sided with Melitius, Only a few altogether went with Archbishop Peter, a few bishops and some others.” The Pope chose to lose his relation with the 1 Advers. Haer. 68:1. 2 Apol. against Arians 59, 61. 3 Advers.Haer. 68:1. 4 Bruce : The Spreading Flame, 1970, p. 202. 5 Schwartz: Zur Geshichte des Athanasius, p. 173. 13