Springer Handbook of Mechanical Engineering Grote, Antonsson (Eds.) WithDVD-ROM,1822Figuresand402Tables 1 3 Editors: ProfessorDr.-Ing.Karl-HeinrichGrote DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering Otto-von-GuerickeUniversityMagdeburg Universitätsplatz2 39106Magdeburg,Germany [email protected] ProfessorErikK.Antonsson DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology(CALTEC) 1200EastCaliforniaBoulevard Pasadena,CA91125,USA [email protected] LibraryofCongressControlNumber: 2008934575 ISBN:978-3-540-49131-6 e-ISBN:978-3-540-30738-9 Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwhole orinpartwithoutthewrittenpermissionofthepublisher(SpringerSci- ence+BusinessMedia,LLCNewYork,233SpringStreet,NewYork,NY 10013,USA),exceptforbriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviewsorschol- arlyanalysis.Useinconnectionwithanyformofinformationstorageand retrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissim- ilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden.Theuse inthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilar terms,eveniftheyarenotidentifiedassuch,isnottobetakenasanex- pressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubjecttoproprietaryrights. Theuseofdesignations,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply, evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneral use. Productliability:Thepublishercannotguaranteetheaccuracy ofany informationaboutdosageandapplicationcontainedinthisbook.Inevery individualcasetheusermustchecksuchinformationbyconsultingthe relevantliterature. Productionandtypesetting:le-texpublishingservicesoHG,Leipzig SeniorManagerSpringerHandbook:Dr.W.Skolaut,Heidelberg Illustrations:schreiberVIS,SeeheimandHippmannGbR,Schwarzenbruck Coverdesign:eStudioCalamarSteinen,Barcelona Coverproduction:WMXDesignGmbH,Heidelberg Printingandbinding:StürtzGmbH,Würzburg Printedonacidfreepaper SPIN10934364 60/3180/YL 543210 V Preface Mechanical engineering is a broad and complex field have devoted a considerable amount of time towards withintheworldofengineeringandhascloserelations thisproject.Wewouldliketothankthemfortheirpa- to many other fields. It is an important economic fac- tienceandcooperation,andwehopeforalong-lasting torforallindustrializedcountriesandtheglobalmarket partnership in this ambitious project. We would also allows for wide international competition for products mostsincerelyliketothankourmanagersandfriendsat and processes in this field. To stay up to date with Springerandle-tex.TheexecutivesatSpringer–Verlag scientific findings and to apply existing knowledge in were always most cooperative and supportive of this mechanical engineering it is important to renew and Handbook. Without Dr. Skolaut’s continuous help and continuouslyupdateexistinginformation. encouragementandMs.Moebes’andMr.Wieczorek’s TheeditorsofthisSpringerHandbookonMechan- almost daily requests for corrections, improvements, ical Engineering have worked successfully with 92 and progress reports it would have taken another few authorsworldwidetoincludechaptersaboutallrelevant years – if ever – to publish this Handbook. Stürtz has mechanical engineering topics. However, this Hand- doneafantasticjobinprintingandbinding.Finallywe book cannot claim to cover every aspect or detail of wouldliketothankallthepeopleweworkwithinour the mechanical engineering areas or fields included, departmentsanduniversities,whotoleratedthetimeand and where mechanical engineers are currently present effortspentonthisbook. andcontributingtheirexpertiseandknowledgetowards Finally, we know that there is always room for the challenges of a better world. However, this Hand- improvement – with this Handbook as with most en- book will be a valuable guide for all who design, gineering products and approaches. We, as well as the develop,manufacture,operate,andusemechanicalarte- authors welcome your fair hints, comments, and crit- facts. icism. Through this Handbook and with the authors’ We also hope to spark interest in the field of me- efforts, we would also like to draw your attention to chanical engineering from others. In this Handbook, what has been accomplished for the benefit of the en- high-schoolstudentscangetafirstglanceattheoptions gineeringworldandsociety. inthisfieldandpossiblecareermoves. We,theeditors,wouldliketoexpressourgratitude Berlin,Fall2008 Karl-HeinrichGrote andthankstoalloftheauthorsofthisHandbook,who Pasadena,Fall2008 ErikK.Antonsson VII About the Editors Dr. Karl-Heinrich Grote isaProfessorandChairoftheDepartmentofMechanical Engineering–EngineeringDesignattheOtto-von-GuerickeUniversityinMagdeburg, Germany.Heearnedhis“DiplomainMechanicalEngineering”(MastersofSciencein Mechanical Engineering)in 1979andhis“Dr.-Ing.”(Ph.D.in Engineering)in1984, both from the Technical University in Berlin, Germany. After a post doctoral stay in the USA he joined an automotive supplier as manager of the engineering design department.In1990hefollowedacalltobecomefullprofessorattheMechanicalEn- gineeringDepartmentattheCaliforniaStateUniversity,LongBeach,USA.In1992he receivedtheTRWOutstandingFacultyawardandin1993theVDI"RingofHonor" for his research on Engineering Design and Methodology. In 1995 he was named chair of the Engineering Design Department at the Otto-von-Guericke University in Magdeburg, whereheis nowDean oftheCollegeofMechanical Engineering.From October2002toSeptember2004hewasVisitingProfessorofMechanicalEngineer- ingattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology(Caltech)USA.Since1995heisEditorof theDUBBEL(TaschenbuchfürdenMaschinenbau)andauthorofseveralbooks. Dr.Erik Antonsson isaProfessorofMechanicalEngineeringattheCaliforniaInsti- tuteofTechnologyinPasadena,whereheorganizedtheEngineeringDesignResearch Laboratoryandhasconductedresearchandtaughtsince1984.HeearnedaBachelor ofScienceinMechanicalEngineeringfromCornellUniversityin1976,andaPhDin MechanicalEngineeringfromtheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,Cambridgein 1982.In1984hejoinedtheMechanicalEngineeringFacultyattheCaliforniaInstitute ofTechnology,whereheservedastheExecutiveOfficer(Chair)from1998to2002. FromSeptember,2002throughJanuary,2006,Dr.AntonssonwasonleavefromCal- techandservedastheChiefTechnologistatNASA’sJetPropulsionLaboratory(JPL). He was an NSF Presidential Young Investigator (1986-1992), won the 1995 Richard P.FeynmanPrizeforExcellenceinTeaching,andwasaco-winnerofthe2001TRW DistinguishedPatentAward.Dr.AntonssonisaFellowoftheASME,andamember oftheIEEE,AIAA,SME,ACM,andASEE.Hehaspublishedover110scholarlypa- persinthefieldofengineeringdesignresearch,haseditedtwobooks,andholdseight U.S.patents. IX List of Authors GrittAhrens GerryByrne DaimlerAGX944 UniversityCollegeDublin SystemsIntegrationandComfortElectric SchoolofElectrical,Electronic 71059Sindelfingen,Germany andMechanicalEngineering e-mail:[email protected] Belfield,Dublin4,Ireland e-mail:[email protected] SeddikBacha BorisIlichCherpakov(deceased) UniversitéJosephFourier GrénobleElectricalEngineeringLaboratory EdwardChlebus SaintMartind’Hères WrocławUniversityofTechnology 38402Grenoble,France CentreforAdvancedManufacturingTechnologies e-mail:[email protected] Lukasiewicza5 50-371Wrocław,Poland StanleyBaksi e-mail:[email protected] TRWAutomotive,LucasVarityGmbH CarlSpaeterStr.8 MirosławChłosta 56070Koblenz,Germany IMBiGS–InstituteforMechanizedConstruction e-mail:[email protected] andRockMining(IMBiGS) ul.Racjonalizacji6/8 02-673Warsaw,Poland ThomasBöllinghaus e-mail:[email protected] FederalInstituteforMaterialsResearch andTesting(BAM) NorgeI.CoelloMachado UnterdenEichen87 UniversidadCentral“MartaAbreu”deLasVillas 12205Berlin,Germany FacultyofMechanicalEngineering e-mail:[email protected] SantaClara,54830,Cuba e-mail:[email protected] AloisBreiing FrancescoCostanzo EidgenössischeTechnischeHochschuleZürich(ETH) AleniaAeronautica InstitutfürmechanischeSysteme(IMES) Procurement/SourcingManagementDepartment ZentrumfürProdukt-Entwicklung(ZPE) Vialedell’Aeronautica ETHZentrum,CLAE17.1,Tannenstrasse3 Pomigliano(NA),Italy 8092Zurich,Switzerland e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected] CarlE.Cross EugeniuszBudny FederalInstituteforMaterialsResearch InstituteofMechanizedConstructionandRock andTesting(BAM) Mining JoiningTechnology Racjonalizacji6/8 UnterdenEichen87 02-673Warsaw,Poland 12200Berlin,Germany e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected] X ListofAuthors FrankDammel FrankEngelmann TechnicalUniversity UniversityofAppliedSciencesJena DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering/Institute DepartmentofIndustrialEngineering ofTechnicalThermodynamics Carl-Zeiss-Promenade2 Petersenstr.30 07745Jena,Germany 64287Darmstadt,Germany e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected] RaminS.Esfandiari JaimeDeLaRee CaliforniaStateUniversity VirginiaTech DepartmentofMechanical&Aerospace ElectricalandComputerEngineeringDepartment Engineering 340WhittemoreHall LongBeach,CA90840,USA Blacksburg,VA24061,USA e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected] JensFreudenberger TorstenDellmann Leibniz-InstituteforSolidStateandMaterials RWTHAachenUniversity ResearchDresden DepartmentofRailVehiclesand DepartmentforMetalPhysics Materials-HandlingTechnology P.O.Box270116 SeffenterWeg8 01171Dresden,Germany 52074Aachen,Germany e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected] StefanGies BerendDenkena RWTHAachenUniversity LeibnizUniversityHannover InstituteforAutomotiveEngineering IFW–InstituteofProductionEngineering Steinbachstr.7 andMachineTools 52074Aachen,Germany AnderUniversität2 e-mail:[email protected] 30823Garbsen,Germany e-mail:[email protected] JoachimGöllner LudgerDeters Otto-von-GuerickeUniversity Otto-von-GuerickeUniversity InstituteofMaterialsandJoiningTechnology InstituteofMachineDesign DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering Universitätsplatz2 Universitätsplatz2 39016Magdeburg,Germany 39016Magdeburg,Germany e-mail:[email protected] e-mail: [email protected] UlrichDilthey RWTHAachenUniversity TimothyGutowski ISFWeldingandJoiningInstitute MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology Pontstr.49 DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering 52062Aachen,Germany Cambridge,MA02139,USA e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected] ListofAuthors XI TakeshiHatsuzawa ChrisOliverHeyde TokyoInstituteofTechnology Otto-von-GuerickeUniversity PrecisionandIntelligenceLaboratory ElectricPowerNetworksandRenewableEnergy 4259-R2-6,Nagatsuta-cho Sources 226-8503Yokohama,Japan Universitätsplatz2 e-mail:[email protected] 39106Magdeburg,Germany e-mail:[email protected] MarkusHecht BerlinUniversityofTechnology AndrewKaldos InstituteofLandandSeaTransportSystems AKMEngineeringConsultants DepartmentofRailVehicles 31TudorvilleRoad Salzufer17–19 Bebington,WirralCH632HT,UK 10587Berlin,Germany e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected] HamidHefazi YuichiKanda CaliforniaStateUniversity ToyoUniversity MechanicalandAerospaceEngineering DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering DepartmentofMechanicalandAerospace AdvancedManufacturingEngineeringLaboratory Engineering 2100Kujirai 1250BellflowerBoulevard 350-8585Kawagoe-City,Japan LongBeach,CA90840,USA e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected] ThomasKannengiesser MartinHeilmaier FederalInstituteforMaterialsResearch TechnicalUniversity andTesting(BAM) DepartmentofPhysicalMetallurgy JoiningTechnology Petersenstr.23 UnterdenEichen87 64287Darmstadt,Germany 12200Berlin,Germany e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected] RolfHenke RWTHAachenUniversity MichailKarpenko InstituteofAeronauticsandAstronautics NewZealandWeldingCentre Wuellnerstr.7 HeavyEngineeringResearchAssociation(HERA) 52062Aachen,Germany 17–19GladdingPlace e-mail:[email protected] ManukauCity,NewZealand e-mail:[email protected] KlausHerfurth IndustrialAdvisor BernhardKarpuschewski AmWiesengrund34 Otto-von-GuerickeUniversity 40764Langenfeld,Germany DepartmentofManufacturingEngineering e-mail:[email protected] Universitätsplatz2 39106Magdeburg,Germany HorstHerold(deceased) e-mail:[email protected] XII ListofAuthors ToshiakiKimura SurendarK.Marya JapanSocietyforthePromotionofMachine GeM-UMRCNRS6183,EcoleCentraleNantes Industry(JSPMI) InstitutdeRechercheenGénieCiviletMécanique ProductionEngineeringDepartment 1RuedelaNoë TechnicalResearchInstitute 44321Nantes,France 1-1-12,Hachiman-cho e-mail:[email protected] 203-0042Tokyo,Japan e-mail:[email protected] AjayMathur SimonIndiaLimited DwarkadasKothari PlantEngineering VITUniversity DevikaTower,6NehruPlace SchoolofElectricalSciences NewDelhi,India Vellore,TN632014,India e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected] Klaus-JürgenMatthes ChemnitzUniversityofTechnology HermannKühnle InstituteforManufacturing/WeldingTechnology Otto-von-GuerickeUniversity ReichenhainerStr.70 InstituteofErgonomics 09126Chemnitz,Germany FactoryOperationsandAutomation e-mail:[email protected] Universitätsplatz2 39106Magdeburg,Germany HenningJürgenMeyer e-mail:[email protected] TechnischeUniversitätBerlin BerlinInstituteofTechnology OlegP.Lelikov KonstruktionvonMaschinensystemen BaumanMoscowStateTechnicalUniversity Straßedes17.Juni144 2-ndBaumanskaya,5 10623Berlin,Germany Moscow,105005,Russia e-mail:[email protected] AndreasLindemann KlausMiddeldorf Otto-von-GuerickeUniversity DVS–GermanWeldingSociety InstituteforPowerElectronics Düsseldorf,Germany Universitätsplatz2 e-mail:[email protected] 39106Magdeburg,Germany e-mail:[email protected] GerhardMook Otto-von-GuerickeUniversity BrunoLisanti DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering AST InstituteofMaterialsandJoiningTechnology ViaDanteAlighieri57 andMaterialsTesting LonatePozzolo(VA),Italy Universitätsplatz2 e-mail:[email protected] 39016Magdeburg,Germany e-mail:[email protected] ManuelMarya SchlumbergerReservoirCompletions JayM.Ochterbeck MaterialEngineering ClemsonUniversity 14910AirlineRoad DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering Rosharon,TX77583,USA Clemson,SC29634-0921,USA e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected] ListofAuthors XIII JoaoFernandoG.Oliveira HolgerSaage UniversityofSãoPaulo UniversityofAppliedSciencesofLandshut DepartmentofProductionEngineering FacultyofMechanicalEngineering Av.TrabalhadorSãocarlense,400 AmLurzenhof1 SãoCarlos,SP13566-590,Brazil 84036Landshut,Germany e-mail:[email protected],[email protected] e-mail:[email protected] AntjeG.Orths ShuichiSakamoto Energinet.dk NiigataUniversity ElectricitySystemDevelopment DepartmentofMechanicalandProduction TonneKjærsvej65 Engineering 7000Fredericia,Denmark Ikarashi2-8050 e-mail:[email protected] 9502181Niigata,Japan e-mail:[email protected] VincePiacenti RobertBoschLLC RogerSchaufele SystemEngineering,DieselFuelSystems CaliforniaStateUniversity 38000HillsTechDrive 1250BellflowerBoulevard FarmingtonHills,MI48331,USA LongBeach,CA90840,USA e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected] JörgPieschel MarkusSchleser Otto-von-GuerickeUniversity RWTHAachenUniversity InstituteofMaterialsandJoiningTechnology WeldingandJoiningInstitute Universitätsplatz2 Pontstr.49 39106Magdeburg,Germany 52062Aachen,Germany e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected] StefanPischinger MeinhardT.Schobeiri RWTHAachenUniversity TexasA&MUniversity InstituteforCombustionEngines DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering Schinkelstr.8 CollegeStation,TX77843-3123,USA 52062Aachen,Germany e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected] DidierM.Priem MiroslawJ.Skibniewski ÉcoleCentraleNantes UniversityofMaryland DepartmentofMaterials DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmental 1RuedelaNoë,GEMUMRCNRS6183 Engineering 44321Nantes,France 1188GlennL.MartinHall e-mail:[email protected] CollegePark,MD20742-3021,USA e-mail:[email protected] FrankRiedel Fraunhofer-InstituteforMachineToolsand JagjitSinghSrai FormingTechnology(IWU) UniversityofCambridge DepartmentofJoiningTechnology CentreforInternationalManufacturing ReichenhainerStr.88 InstituteforManufacturing 09126Chemnitz,Germany Cambridge,CB21RX,UK e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected] XIV ListofAuthors VivekSrivastava Klaus-DieterThoben CorporateTechnologyStrategyServices UniversityofBremen AdityaBirlaManagementCorporation BremenInstituteforProductionandLogistics MIDCTaloja,Panvel GmbH NaviMumbai,India DepartmentofICTApplicationsinProduction e-mail:[email protected] Hochschulring20 28359Bremen,Germany e-mail:[email protected] PeterStephan TechnicalUniversityDarmstadt MarcelTodtermuschke InstituteofTechnicalThermodynamics Fraunhofer-InstituteforMachineToolsand DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering FormingTechnology Petersenstr.30 DepartmentofAssemblingTechniques 64287Darmstadt,Germany ReichenhainerStr.88 e-mail:[email protected] 09126Chemnitz,Germany e-mail:[email protected] ZbigniewA.Styczynski Otto-von-GuerickeUniversity HelmutTschoeke ElectricPowerNetworksandRenewableEnergy Otto-von-GuerickeUniversity Sources InstituteofMobileSystems Universitätsplatz2 Universitätsplatz2 39106Magdeburg,Germany 39106Magdeburg,Germany e-mail:[email protected]@ieee.org e-mail:[email protected] JonH.VanGerpen P.M.V.Subbarao UniversityofIdaho IndianInstituteofTechnology DepartmentofBiologicalandAgricultural MechanicalEngineeringDepartment Engineering HAUSKHAS Moscow,ID,USA NewDelhi,110016,India e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected] AnatoleVereschaka MoscowStateUniversityofTechnology“STANKIN” OliverTegel DepartmentofMechanicalEngineeringTechnology Dr.-Ing.h.c.F.PorscheAG andInstituteofDesignandTechnological R&D,IS-Management Informatics Porschestr. LaboratoryofSurfaceNanosystems 71287Weissach,Germany RussianAcademyofScience e-mail:[email protected] Vadkovskypereulok1 Moscow,101472,Russia e-mail:[email protected] A.ErmanTekkaya ATILIMUniversity DepartmentofManufacturingEngineering DetlefvonHofe Incek HohenDyk106 Ankara,06836,Turkey 47803Krefeld,Germany e-mail:[email protected] e-mail:[email protected]