Springer Handbook oƒ Materials Data Warlimont Martienssen Editors 2nd Edition 123 Springer Handbook of Materials Data Springer Handbooks provide aconcisecompilationofapproved key information on methods of research, general principles, and functionalrelationshipsinphysical andappliedsciences.Theworld’s leading experts in the fields of physicsandengineeringwillbeas- signedbyoneorseveralrenowned editorstowrite thechapterscom- prisingeach volume.Thecontent is selected by these experts from Springersources(books,journals, onlinecontent)andothersystematic andapprovedrecentpublicationsof scientificandtechnicalinformation. Thevolumesaredesignedtobe usefulasreadabledeskbooktogive afastandcomprehensiveoverview and easy retrieval of essential re- liable key information, including tables,graphs,andbibliographies. Referencestoextensivesourcesare provided. H Springer Handbook of Materials Data Hans Warlimont, Werner Martienssen (Eds.) 2nd Edition With1110Figuresand1007Tables K Editors HansWarlimont AmNeuseserWeinberg2 63579Freigericht,Germany WernerMartienssen(cid:2) FrankfurtamMain,Germany ISBN:978-3-319-69741-3 e-ISBN:978-3-319-69743-7 DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69743-7 LibraryofCongressControlNumber: 2018948196 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher, whether the whole or part of the materialis concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation, computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownor hereafterdeveloped. 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Productionandtypesetting:le-texpublishingservicesGmbH,Leipzig Typographyandlayout:schreiberVIS,Seeheim Illustrations:le-texpublishingservicesGmbH,Leipzig Coverdesign:eStudioCalamarSteinen,Barcelona Coverproduction:WMXDesignGmbH,Heidelberg Printedonacidfreepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland V Preface to the First Edition The Springer Handbook of Condensed Matter and Materials Data is the realization of a new concept in reference literature, which combines introductory and explana- tory texts with a compilation of selected data and functional relationships from the fieldsofsolid-statephysicsandmaterialsinasinglevolume.Thedatahavebeenex- tracted from various specialized and morecomprehensivedatasources, in particular theLandolt–Börnsteindatacollection,aswellasmorerecentpublications.ThisHand- bookis designedtobeusedas adesktopreference bookforfastandeasyfindingof essentialinformationandreliablekeydata.Referencestomoreextensivedatasources areprovidedineachsection.ThemainusersofthisnewHandbookareenvisagedto bestudents,scientists,engineers,andotherknowledge-seekingpersonsinterestedand engagedinthefieldsofsolid-statesciencesandmaterialstechnologies. Theeditorshavestriventofindauthorsfortheindividualsectionswhowereexpe- riencedinthefullbreadthoftheirsubjectfieldandreadytoprovidesuccinctaccounts in the form of both descriptive text and representative data. It goes without saying thatthesectionsrepresenttheindividualapproachesoftheauthorstotheirsubjectand theirunderstandingofthistask.Accordingly,thesectionsvarysomewhatincharacter. While some editorial influence was exercised, the flexibility that we have shown is deliberate.Theeditorsaregratefultoalloftheauthorsfortheirreadinesstoprovide acontribution,andto cooperateindeliveringtheirmanuscriptsandbyacceptinges- sentiallyall alterations which theeditors requested to achieveareasonably coherent presentation. An oneroustask suchas this couldnothavebeencompletedwithoutencourage- mentandsupportfromthepublisher.Springerhasentrusteduswiththisnovelproject, andDr.HubertusvonRiedeselhasbeenapersistentbutpatientreminderandpromoter ofourworkthroughout.Dr.RainerPoerschkehasaccompaniedandhelpedtheeditors constantlywithhisprofessionalattitudeandverypersonablestyleduringtheprocess ofdevelopingtheconcept,solicitingauthors,anddealingwithtechnicalmatters.Inthe laterstages,Dr.WernerSkolautbecamearelentlessandhard-workingmemberofour teamwithhispainstakingcontributiontotechnicallyeditingtheauthors’manuscripts andlinkingtheeditors’workwiththecopyeditingandproductionofthebook. Weshouldalsoliketothankourfamiliesforhavinggraciouslytoleratedthemany hourswehavespentinworkingonthispublication. WehopethattheusersofthisHandbook,whoseneedswehavetriedtoanticipate, willfindithelpfulandinformative.Inviewofthenoveltyoftheapproachandanypos- sibleinadvertentdeficiencieswhichthisfirsteditionmaycontain,weshallbegrateful foranycriticismsandsuggestionswhichcouldhelptoimprovesubsequenteditionsso thattheywillservetheexpectationsoftheusersevenbetterandmorecompletely. September2004 WernerMartienssen, FrankfurtamMain,Dresden HansWarlimont VII About the Editors Hans Warlimont studied Physical Metallurgy at the School of Mines in Clausthal, Germany,andreceivedhisDr.rer.nat.DegreefromtheUniversityofStuttgart.From 1959to1962,heworkedintheFundamentalResearchLaboratoryofU.S.SteelCo- operation,Monroeville,USA.From1962to1974,heheadedaresearchgroupatthe Max-Planck-InstituteforMetalsResearchinStuttgart,Germany.From1974to1977, he worked as Head of the Advanced Materials Division of Swiss Aluminum AG in Switzerland.From1977to1991,hewasHeadofResearchandDevelopmentofVacu- umschmelzeHanau,Germany.From1991to1992,hewasAuthorizedRepresentative forCorporateR&DofMetallgesellschaftFrankfurt/Main.From1992to1998,hewas ScientificDirectoroftheInstituteofSolidStateandMaterialsResearchDresdenand wasProfessorofMaterialsScienceattheDresdenUniversityofTechnology.Hismain researchareaswerestructuralphasetransformationsandtheireffectsonthephysical andmechanicalpropertiesofmetals. WernerMartienssen(1923–2010)wasformanyyearseditor-in-chiefofthedatacol- lectionLandolt–Börnstein,whichisnowpartofSpringerMaterials.Hestudiedphysics andchemistryattheUniversitiesofWürzburgandGöttingen,andobtainedhisPh.D. inphysicswithR.W.Pohl,Gottingen.BeforejoiningtheUniversityofFrankfurt/Main in1961asafullprofessor,hewasvisitingprofessorattheCornellUniversity,Ithaca, USA,andtaughtphysicsattheUniversityofStuttgart.Hisresearchfocusedoncon- densed matter physics, quantum optics and chaotic dynamics. Two of his former studentsandcoworkers,GerdK.BinnigandHorstL.Stormer,becameNobellaureates inphysics.WernerMartienssen was amemberoftheGerman AcademyofSciences Leopoldina,HalleandoftheAcademyofSciencesinGöttingen. IX List of Authors Peter Albers FrankE.Goodwin EvonikTechnology&InfrastructureGmbH InternationalZincAssociation Hanau,Germany Dept.ofTechnology&MarketDevelopment [email protected] Durham,NC,USA [email protected] WolfAssmus JohannWolfgangGoethe-University SusanaGota-Goldmann DepartmentofPhysics Commissariatàl’EnergieAtomique(CEA) Max-von-Laue-Str.1 DirectiondelaRechercheTechnologique(DRT) 60438FrankfurtamMain,Germany CentredeFontenayauxRosesBP6 [email protected] 92265FontenayauxRosesCédex,France [email protected] FabriceCharra Commissariatàl’ÉnergieAtomique,Saclay SivaramanGuruswamy DépartementdeRecherchesurl’ÉtatCondensé, SaltLakeCity,UT,USA lesAtomesetlesMoléculesDRECAM-SPCSI,Centre [email protected] d’ÉtudesdeSaclay 91191Gif-sur-Yvette,France GagikG.Gurzadyan [email protected] Garching,Germany [email protected] GianfrancoChiarotti(deceased) HidekiHarada HajoDieringa Fukaya,Japan Helmholtz-ZentrumGeesthacht [email protected] MagnesiumTechnologyatMagIC Geesthacht,Germany BernhardHolzapfel [email protected] KarlsruheInstituteforTechnology(KIT) InstituteforTechnicalPhysics ClausFischer Hermann-vonHelmholtz-Platz1 formerlyInstituteforSolidStateandMaterials 76344Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen,Germany Research(IFW) [email protected] Georg-Schumann-Str.20 01187Dresden,Germany [email protected] KarlUlrichKainer Helmholtz-ZentrumGeesthacht MagnesiumTechnologyatMagIC JensFreudenberger Geesthacht,Germany formelyLeibniz-InstituteforSolidStateand [email protected] MaterialsResearchDresden Dept.ofMetalPhysics Dresden,Germany CatrinKammer [email protected] Goslar,Germany [email protected] GünterFuchs formelyLeibniz-InstituteforSolidStateand WolframKnabl MaterialsResearchDresden PlanseeSE Dept.ofMetalPhysics Dept.ofDevelopmentBusinessUnitIndustries Dresden,Germany Reutte,Austria [email protected] [email protected] X ListofAuthors AlfredKoethe UdoW.Pohl formelyLeibniz-InstituteforSolidStateand TechnicalUniversityofBerlin MaterialsResearchDresden InstituteofSolidStatePhysics Dept.ofMetalPhysics Berlin,Germany Dresden,Germany [email protected] [email protected] KarstenRuth Dieter Krause UmicoreAG&Co.KG Mainz,Germany Hanau,Germany [email protected] ManfredDieter Lechner UniversitätOsnabrück Günther Schlamp InstitutfürChemie–PhysikalischeChemie Steinbach,Germany Osnabrück,Germany [email protected] BarbaraSchüpp-Niewa MINT-KollegBaden-Württemberg GerhardLeichtfried UniversityofStuttgart UniversityofInnsbruck Stuttgart,Germany Innsbruck,Austria [email protected] [email protected] RolandStickler WernerMartienssen(deceased) Vienna,Austria [email protected] ToshioMitsui Takarazuka,Japan PanchoTzankov [email protected] TechnicalUniversityofBerlin InstituteofSolidStatePhysics ManfredMüller Berlin,Germany formelyLeibniz-InstituteforSolidStateand [email protected] MaterialsResearchDresden Dept.ofMetalPhysics Volkmar Vill Dresden,Germany Helmholtz-ZentrumGeesthacht [email protected] MagnesiumTechnologyatMagIC Geesthacht,Germany SergeiPestov [email protected] MoscowTechnologicalUniversity InstituteofFineChemicalTechnologies, HansWarlimont DepartmentofPhysicalChemistry formelyLeibniz-InstituteforSolidStateand Moskau,RussianFederation MaterialsResearchDresden [email protected] Dept.ofMetalPhysics Dresden,Germany [email protected] XI Contents List of Abbreviations............................................................. XVII Part A Fundamentals 1 The Fundamental Constants WernerMartienssen............................................................. 3 1.1 WhataretheFundamentalConstantsandWhoTakesCareofThem? 3 1.2 TheCODATARecommendedValuesoftheFundamentalConstants.. 5 References....................................................................... 9 2 The International System of Units (SI), Physical Quantities, and Their Dimensions WernerMartienssen............................................................. 11 2.1 TheInternationalSystemofUnits(SI)................................. 11 2.2 PhysicalQuantities...................................................... 12 2.3 TheSIBaseUnits ........................................................ 13 2.4 TheSIDerivedUnits..................................................... 16 2.5 DecimalMultiplesandSubmultiplesofSIUnits...................... 18 2.6 UnitsOutsidetheSI..................................................... 19 2.7 SomeEnergyEquivalents............................................... 23 References....................................................................... 24 3 RudimentsofCrystallography WolfAssmus...................................................................... 25 3.1 CrystallineMatter........................................................ 26 3.2 Disorder.................................................................. 35 3.3 AmorphousMatter ...................................................... 36 3.4 MethodsforInvestigatingCrystallographicStructure................. 36 3.5 RecentNovelTopicsinCrystallography................................ 38 References....................................................................... 39 4 The Elements WernerMartienssen............................................................. 41 4.1 HowtoUsethisChapter................................................ 42 4.2 DescriptionofPropertiesTabulated.................................... 42 4.3 Sources................................................................... 45 4.4 TablesoftheElementsinDifferentOrders............................ 46 4.5 Data ...................................................................... 51 References....................................................................... 143