NHMC13_10HBK_Math24-7_NHMC13_Math24-7 5/15/13 8:56 AM Page 1 The speed of a pitch, the number of points scored, the time left on the clock . . . math is everywhere in the world of sports. Learn about the numbers and statistics behind sports like baseball, basketball, and football—and you’ll find you understand the sports you love even better. In Sports Math, you’lldiscover that the math you learn in the classroom is just as important on the soccer field and basketball court. B E S U R E T O R E A D O T H E R B O O K S I N T H I S S E R I E S ISBN 978-1-4222-2909-5 90000 Cover image: Shutterstock.com N A E 9 781422 229095 Sports Math Math 24/7 B M anking ath B M usiness ath C M oMputer ath C M ulinary ath F M ashion ath g M aMe ath s M hopping ath s M ports ath t M iMe ath t M ravel ath Math 24/7 Sports Math Rae Simons Mason Crest Mason Crest 450 Parkway Drive, Suite D Broomall, PA 19008 www.masoncrest.com Copyright © 2014 by Mason Crest, an imprint of National Highlights, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. First printing 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Series ISBN: 978-1-4222-2901-9 ISBN: 978-1-4222-2909-5 ebook ISBN: 978-1-4222-8920-4 Cataloging-in-Publication Data on file with the Library of Congress. Produced by Vestal Creative Services. www.vestalcreative.com Contents Introduction 6 1. Baseball: Batting Averages 8 2. Baseball: Earned Run Averages 10 3. Baseball: Scoring 12 4. Basketball: Average Height 14 5. Basketball: Win-Loss 16 6. Football: Scoring 18 7. Football: Roman Numerals 20 8. Soccer: Field Area 22 9. Tennis: Scoring 24 10. Track: Records 26 11. Golf: Par 28 12. Swimming: Laps and Distance 30 13. Hockey: Angles 32 14. Olympic Medals 34 15. Putting It All Together 36 Find Out More 39 Glossary 41 Answers 42 Index 46 About the Author 47 Picture Credits 48 Introduction H ow would you define math? It’s not as easy as you might think. We know math has to do with numbers. We often think of it as a part, if not the basis, for the sciences, especially natural science, engineering, and medicine. When we think of math, most of us imagine equations and blackboards, formulas and textbooks. But math is actually far bigger than that. Think about examples like Polykleitos, the fifth-cen- tury Greek sculptor, who used math to sculpt the “perfect” male nude. Or remember Leonardo da Vinci? He used geometry—what he called “golden rectangles,” rectangles whose dimensions were visually pleasing—to create his famous Mona Lisa. Math and art? Yes, exactly! Mathematics is essential to disciplines as diverse as medicine and the fine arts. Counting, calculation, measurement, and the study of shapes and the motions of physical objects: all these are woven into music and games, science and architecture. In fact, math developed out of everyday necessity, as a way to talk about the world around us. Math gives us a way to perceive the real world—and then allows us to manipulate the world in practi- cal ways. For example, as soon as two people come together to build something, they need a lan- guage to talk about the materials they’ll be working with and the object that they would like to build. Imagine trying to build something—anything—without a ruler, without any way of tell- ing someone else a measurement, or even without being able to communicate what the thing will look like when it’s done! The truth is: We use math every day, even when we don’t realize that we are. We use it when we go shopping, when we play sports, when we look at the clock, when we travel, when we run a business, and even when we cook. Whether we realize it or not, we use it in countless other ordinary activities as well. Math is pretty much a 24/7 activity! And yet lots of us think we hate math. We imagine math as the practice of dusty, old college professors writing out calculations endlessly. We have this idea in our heads that math has noth- ing to do with real life, and we tell ourselves that it’s something we don’t need to worry about outside of math class, out there in the real world. But here’s the reality: Math helps us do better in many areas of life. Adults who don’t un- derstand basic math applications run into lots of problems. The Federal Reserve, for example, found that people who went bankrupt had an average of one and a half times more debt than their income—in other words, if they were making $24,000 per year, they had an average debt of $36,000. There’s a basic subtraction problem there that should have told them they were in trouble long before they had to file for bankruptcy! 6 As an adult, your career—whatever it is—will depend in part on your ability to calculate mathematically. Without math skills, you won’t be able to become a scientist or a nurse, an engi- neer or a computer specialist. You won’t be able to get a business degree—or work as a waitress, a construction worker, or at a checkout counter. Every kind of sport requires math too. From scoring to strategy, you need to understand math—so whether you want to watch a football game on television or become a first-class ath- lete yourself, math skills will improve your experience. And then there’s the world of computers. All businesses today—from farmers to factories, from restaurants to hair salons—have at least one computer. Gigabytes, data, spreadsheets, and programming all require math comprehension. Sure, there are a lot of automated math func- tions you can use on your computer, but you need to be able to understand how to use them, and you need to be able to understand the results. This kind of math is a skill we realize we need only when we are in a situation where we are required to do a quick calculation. Then we sometimes end up scratching our heads, not quite sure how to apply the math we learned in school to the real-life scenario. The books in this series will give you practice applying math to real-life situations, so that you can be ahead of the game. They’ll get you started—but to learn more, you’ll have to pay attention in math class and do your homework. There’s no way around that. But for the rest of your life—pretty much 24/7—you’ll be glad you did! 7 1 Baseball: Batting Averages J ay loves sports. He plays several sports at his school, during the fall, winter, and spring. Plus, he follows as many sports as he can on TV, online, and in the newspapers. One of the sports Jay pays the most attention to is baseball. Jay also happens to love statistics math, and baseball has a lot to do with math. Fans and professionals keep track of , talk about how good players are in terms of numbers, and predict what will happen in games using math. One of the numbers used in baseball is batting average. Batting average is a number that measures how often a batter gets a base hit. Batters who strike out all the time don’t have very good batting averages. Batters who hit the ball often and get to base (singles, doubles, triples, or homeruns) will have a higher batting average. Only hits that get a batter to a base count. Look on the next page to find out how to calculate batting average. 8