Sport and Exercise Psychology Sport and Exercise Psychology A Critical Introduction Aidan P.Moran LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 2004 by Routledge 27 Church Road, Hove, East Sussex BN3 2FA Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/.” © 2004 Aidan Moran Cover design by Anú Design All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. This publication has been produced with paper manufactured to strict environmental standards and with pulp derived from sustainable forests. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Moran, Aidan P. Sport and exercise psychology: a critical introduction/Aidan P.Moran. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-415-16808-2 (hard)— ISBN 0-415-16809-0 (pbk.) 1. Sports—Psychological aspects. 2. Exercise—Psychological aspects. I. Title. GV706.4.M67 2004 796′.01–dc22 2003017078 ISBN 0-203-38024-X Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-38641-8 (Adobe e-Reader Format) ISBN 0-415-16809-0 (pbk) ISBN 0-415-16808-2 (hbk) To three special people in my life: My mother, Nora Moran, my girlfriend, Angela, and my late nephew, Tristan Moran, who died for his love of sport. Ar dheis Dé go raibh a anam dílis. Contents Foreword ix Preface xi Acknowledgements Xii List of figures xiv 1 Part one Introducing sport and exercise psychology 1 Introducing sport and exercise psychology: discipline and profession 3 33 Part two Exploring athletic performance: key constructs 2 Motivation and goal-setting in sport 35 3 “Psyching up” and “calming down”: anxiety in sport 65 4 Staying focused in sport: concentration in sport performers 95 5 Using imagination in sport: mental imagery and mental practice in athletes 124 6 What lies beneath the surface? Investigating expertise in sport 152 182 Part three Team cohesion 7 Exploring team cohesion in sport: a critical perspective 184 211 Part four Exploring health, exercise and injury 8 Does a healthy body always lead to a healthy mind? Exploring exercise 213 psychology 9 Helping athletes to cope with injury: from theory to practice 241 Glossary 267 References 275 Author index 308 Subject index 323 Foreword With increasing interest in and even a fascination with sport psychology and health psychology in academic environments, to the sports world and exercise settings, it is not surprising to note the variety of books being published on such themes at a rapid rate in recent years. Contents range from the very superficial or highly practical to the exceptionally scholarly and scientific, depending on the purpose and possible audience of the publication. The challenge for the author of a textbook, especially intended for undergraduate students, is to somehow present the research literature in an interesting, informative, useful, understandable, and organized manner. Ideally, the reader would be enthusiastic about learning the subject matter. Professor Moran succeeds admirably. This is not just another sport psychology textbook. Perhaps what primarily sets it apart from others is the integration of scientific substance with real-sport examples of and reference to many famous athletes and coaches. As a highly respected scholar and practitioner, his passion for sport as well as sport and exercise psychology is obvious throughout the pages of the book. Consequently, the reader becomes absorbed in the contents. Even though I am quite familiar with the areas of sport psychology addressed by Professor Moran, my attention was captured and my motivation sustained as I reviewed the various topics. They include a blend of summaries of investigations and theories, issues needing to be resolved, and anecdotes and references to sports, athletes, and coaches. What I particularly admired was the recency of the scholarly literature and sport figure references. Professor Moran is evidently very familiar with the latest happenings in the field. His writing style is reader-friendly, and the contents are presented in an interesting and intellectually stimulating way. Helpful are exercise boxes sprinkled throughout the chapters, with questions to challenge the reader. These are intended to spark reflection on issues of debate, as well as to generate possible small-scale research projects. The subject matter throughout the book is organized very well, and evidence supportive of conclusions is indicated as is inconclusive evidence. Thus, the reader can appreciate the difference between scientifically based knowledge vs. intuition and beliefs based on personal experiences and hearsay. Professor Moran does not attempt to include every conceivable topic or theme associated with sport and exercise psychology in his book. This is a wise decision. The body of knowledge and areas of interest have exploded in contemporary times, making it impossible to do justice to all these topics in one textbook. Professor Moran has included