S P I T F I R E V C . 2 0 2 F O LG O R E Malta 1942 DONALD NIJBOER © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com SPITFIRE V C.202 FOLGORE  Malta 1942 DONALD NIJBOER © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com CONTENTS Introduction 4 Chronology 8 Design and Development 10 Technical Specifications 25 The Strategic Situation 36 The Combatants 41 Combat 49 Statistics and Analysis 67 Aftermath 75 Further Reading 78 Index 80 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com INTRODUCTION Long before the Spitfire V and Macchi C.202 Folgore (Lightning) ever met in combat over Malta, an aerial battle for air supremacy had been fought out between Britain and Italy over the peaceful waters of the English Channel. During the celebrated Schneider Trophy races, both R. J. Mitchell and Dr Mario Castoldi would design two of the most impressive aircraft the world has ever seen. Powered by the Rolls-Royce R engine, Mitchell’s Supermarine S 6B would claim the prize for Britain once and for all on The Spitfire’s ancestry can be traced directly to the Supermarine S 6B Schneider Trophy winner of 1931. Creating the seaplane, powered by a Rolls-Royce R engine, provided both Supermarine and Rolls- Royce with a sound grounding for the future development of both the Spitfire and the Merlin engine. This particular example, S1596 (the second S 6B built), broke the world air speed record on 29 September 1931 when Flt Lt George Stainforth reached 407.5mph whilst at the controls. 4 (Crown Copyright) © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com 13 September 1931 when the floatplane achieved a top speed of 380mph. Unfortunately for the Italians, their Macchi M.C.72 was not ready for the race and did not compete. Regarded as one of the most beautiful aircraft ever built, the sleek and graceful M.C.72 would subsequently shatter the world speed record by achieving 440mph in October 1934. No propeller-driven seaplane has ever gone any faster. The advance in aircraft design, particularly in respect to aerodynamics and engine development, as a result of the Schneider Trophy was significant. Indeed, the creation of the Rolls-Royce R Engine (2,350hp) led directly to the famous Merlin. According to A. F. Sidgreaves, managing director of Rolls-Royce, the Although the Macchi M.C.72 was not ready to complete against Schneider Trophy races compressed ten years of engine development into 24 months. the Supermarine S 6B in the Without that focus the Merlin may have never been created in time, if at all. The Schneider Trophy in September competition also revealed Italy’s Achilles heel – engine development. The M.C.72 was 1931, the sleek and graceful in fact a twin-engined aircraft. Unable to find a single engine capable of developing seaplane would subsequently the required horsepower to compete with the S 6B, Dr Castoldi coupled two Fiat AS.5 shatter the world speed record by engines together to create the AS.6, which was rated at 2,300hp. It worked, but achieving 440mph in October 1934. No propeller-driven the lack of engines equal to British, German or American powerplants would limit the seaplane has ever gone effectiveness of Dr Castoldi’s early fighter designs. any faster. (Aermacchi) In the end the lessons learned from the Schneider Trophy races would be seen in two of the best fighters of World War II – the Supermarine Spitfire and Macchi C.202 Folgore. When Italy entered the war on 10 June 1940, the Regia Aeronautica was not well equipped. Its frontline fighter force consisted of just 77 operational Macchi C.200 and 88 Fiat G.50 monoplane fighters and 200 CR.42 and 177 CR.32 biplane fighters. Compared to the British Spitfire I and Hurricane I, Italy’s best fighter, the C.200, was clearly no match for the frontline Royal Air Force (RAF) machines. While a well-designed fighter, the C.200 suffered from a lack of engine power – its Fiat A 74 RC38 radial engine delivered just 870hp, compared to the Rolls-Royce Merlin XII, which produced 1,140hp in the Spitfire IIA/B that was then in production. The RAF’s victory over the much-vaunted Luftwaffe during the Battle of Britain in the summer of 1940 cemented the Spitfire’s place in aviation history. It was a true turning point in the war, after which Spitfires would go on to fight on every front and theatre around the world. However, the first examples of the RAF’s premier fighter would not be seen in the Mediterranean until early March 1942, by which point the Spitfire V had been in service for a year. The origins of the Mk V can be traced directly to the appearance of the Messerschmitt Bf 109F-0 over British skies in October 1940. The newly installed boss of RAF Fighter Command, Air Vice-Marshal Sholto Douglas, knew the Bf 109F was clearly superior 5 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com The clean and graceful lines of the Spitfire are clearly seen here as Mk VB R6923/QJ-S of No. 92 Sqn is banked for the photographer by its pilot. Fortunately for the RAF, the Spitfire and the Rolls-Royce Merlin had considerable ‘stretch’ in their designs. Without that advantage the RAF would have been forced to fight on with the Hurricane II and Spitfire II while waiting for the new and ‘questionable’ Typhoon and Tornado fighters to enter service. Its remarkable development potential was shown by the fact that it remained in the frontline from the first day of World War II to the very last. Originally a Spitfire I, R6923 served with No. 19 Sqn and No. 7 Operational Training Unit in 1940. Converted into a Mk VB, it was shot down over the Channel by a Bf 109 on 22 June 1941. (Author) to the Spitfire I and demanded a quick fix. A stopgap Spitfire was urgently needed, and Rolls-Royce and Supermarine came up with the answer in the form of the Mk V. By taking the existing Mk I airframe and simply adding the new Merlin 45/46 engine (rated at 1,470hp), the Spitfire V was born and the balance redressed. For the Italians the problem was similar. Roughly equal to the Hurricane I in terms of its performance (although considerably less well armed), the C.200 was nevertheless clearly obsolete by 1940. In the spring of 1940 Dr Mario Castoldi, well aware of the C.200’s radial engine limitations, arranged for the importation of the German liquid- cooled Daimler-Benz DB 601A-1 engine rated at 1,175hp. The prototype Macchi fighter combined the wings, undercarriage and vertical and horizontal tail units of the C.200 with a new fuselage, to which was fitted the imported DB 601A-1 engine. Designated the C.202, the new machine was a thoroughbred. Its speed, finger-light handling qualities and superb agility would make it the Regia Aeronautica’s most outstanding fighter of the war. Introduced in the summer of 1941, the C.202 was clearly superior to the Hurricane and Curtiss Tomahawk and Kittyhawk – the fighter types then in service with the RAF in North Africa and the Mediterranean. The Macchi could out-turn any of its opponents, and it was equal to, and in some respects better than, the Spitfire V. The history of these two fighters will forever be linked with the savage air battles that took place over the skies of Malta in 1942. By the spring of that year Malta had 6 been under siege for almost two years. The Regia Aeronautica, unable to subdue the © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com island’s defences since June 1940, was joined by the Luftwaffe for a second time in January 1942. This time, German and Italian units were equipped with two of their best fighters, the Bf 109F and the new C.202. The RAF could muster just three squadrons of Hurricane IIs, which were completely outclassed. Incredibly, there were 80 squadrons of Spitfires based in England at this time, but not one in the Mediterranean or North Africa. Malta was considered a backwater by the RAF, but it soon became apparent that without Spitfires it would surely fall. The situation facing the embattled defenders was grimly summarized by the new CO of No. 249 Sqn, 10.5-victory ace Sqn Ldr Stan Turner, in a note to Air Vice-Marshal Sir Hugh Lloyd, Air Officer Commanding Malta, in February 1942:   Either, sir, we get the Spitfires here within days, not weeks, or we’re done. That’s it.   Finally, on 7 March 1942, the first 15 of many Spitfire Vs were flown off the carrier HMS Eagle bound for Malta. More would follow, and by 20 April 91 Mk Vs had been delivered. Their arrival coincided with the appearance of Italian fighters over Malta for the first time in nearly three months. Prior to this, the RAF had been almost exclusively duelling with aircraft of the Luftwaffe. On 2 April 4° Stormo C.T. (a Stormo comprised 72 aircraft in three gruppi, with each gruppo being made up of two squadriglie equipped with 12 aircraft each) flew to Sicily equipped with 26 new C.202s. Its first mission was flown on 20 April when 19 C.202s of 10° Gruppo flew a fighter sweep over Malta. No Spitfires were encountered, but two C.202s were lost when they collided in flight and crashed. For the next six months pilots flying Spitfire Vs and C.202s would battle it out over the skies of Malta. It was a struggle between two of the most evenly matched fighters to see combat during World War II. Seeing how World War II-era fighters compared is not a simple numbers game. While speed, rate-of-climb, diving speed, armament and manoeuvrability were vital factors, they do not tell the whole story. In the end what made a fighter victorious was Fresh from the factory floor, a combination of technology, tactics, leadership, pilot training, industrial prowess, this C.202 (Serie III MM7806) is painted in the regulation serviceability and sound doctrine. It was these factors that would determine the fate scheme specified for operations of the Spitfire V and C.202. in the ‘colonies’. The overall base colour was Giallo Mimetico (yellow), with Verde Mimetico (green) mottling, and Nocciola Chiaro (light chestnut) undersides. Macchi built 140 Serie III Folgores from May 1941 through to April 1942. This is a late-build aircraft, identified by the ribbed tropical dust filter on the supercharger intake. The ‘AS’ designation stencilled on the rear fuselage beneath the military serial identifies this particular machine as being a C.202AS (Africa Settentrionale), as per the tropical modifications. (Author) 7 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com CHRONOLOGY 1931 arrange for the importation of 13 September Supermarine S 6B takes the the 12-cylinder liquid-cooled Schneider Trophy prize with DB 601A-1. Simultaneously, a top speed of 380mph.  he begins work on adapting the 1934 basic C.200 airframe to accept the German powerplant.  October The M.C.72 floatplane claims the 10 June Italy declares war on Great Britain. world speed record with a top speed Twenty-four hours later 33 bombers of 440mph.  from the Regia Aeronautica  launch 1 December The British Air Ministry the first raids on Malta. issues a contract for the new August Official negotiations begin for the Mitchell-designed Rolls-Royce purchase of Daimler-Benz engines Merlin-powered monoplane fighter for installation in the first batch that would evolve into the Spitfire.  of C.202s. Alfa Romeo receives 1936 approval to licence build the 5 March Spitfire prototype K5054, powered DB 601A-1 as the RA 1000 by a Rolls-Royce Merlin C engine, RC41-I Monsone  (Monsoon). flies for the first time, taking off 10 August Prototype C.202 (MM445) from Eastleigh airfield.  powered by a DB 601A-1 June The first contract for 310 Spitfire Is engine takes to the air.  is signed by Vickers-Supermarine December Spitfire V prototype (K9788), and the Air Ministry.  powered by a Merlin 45 engine developing 1,470hp, makes its 1937 maiden flight.  24 December The Macchi C.200 prototype, 9 December Gen Archibald Wavell launches flown by Gisueppe Burei, takes the first British ground offensive to the air for the first time.  against Italian forces in Egypt.  1938 1941 14 May Spitfire I makes its maiden flight.  February First units of the Africa Korps  August No. 19 Sqn is the first RAF unit to under Generalleutnant Erwin be equipped with the new Spitfire I.  Rommel start to arrive in Libya 1939 during Operation Sonnenblume.  June Six RAF fighter squadrons are June C.200 series production gets fully equipped or in the process underway.  of converting to the Spitfire V.  1940 July First production C.202s, from Spring Dr Mario Castoldi privately the Macchi-built Serie II and III, 8888888888888888 approaches Daimler-Benz to are delivered.  © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com October Force K is formed on Malta. claims the first C.202 ‘probably Made up of ships, submarines and destroyed’.  aircraft, this Strike Force begins 9 May Operation Bowery  begins. offensive operations against Axis The carriers USS Wasp and shipping bound for North Africa.  HMS Eagle launch 64 Spitfires December Luflotte 2, under the command bound for Malta – 61 arrive safely. of General Feldmarshall Albert 10 May Axis units suffer heavy losses Kesselring, is transferred from over Malta. With 50 Spitfires now the Russian Front to Sicily in available, the RAF shoots down five preparation for a new offensive Ju 88s, four Ju 87s, three Bf 109s, against Malta. one Cant Z.1007bis and one C.202 1942 for the loss of three Spitfires.  18 May Axis air strength on Sicily is 13 February Adolf Hitler approves Operation significantly reduced in preparation Hercules,  the proposed invasion for Rommel’s new desert offensive. of Malta. 4° Stormo C.T. is ordered to Libya, 7 March Fifteen Spitfire Vs fly to Malta from its place being taken by 51° Stormo the aircraft carrier HMS Eagle. with 33 new C.202s. 2 April 4°Stormo C.T.,10° Gruppo arrives 1–14 August Operation Pedestal sees the largest in Sicily with 26 C.202s, followed ever convoy despatched from shortly thereafter by the similarly Gibraltar to Malta. Only five out equipped 9°Gruppo. of fourteen transport vessels get 20 April Operation Calendar  begins, which through to the besieged island. sees 47 Spitfire VCs take off from 11 October The final aerial blitz of Malta the carrier USS Wasp – 46 are safely begins. 53° and 4°Stormi muster delivered. The first fighter sweep by a total of 74 C.202s for the assault. 19 C.202s of 10° Gruppo takes place By 18 October the Axis concede over Malta. defeat, however. 21 April The first C.202 victory over a 8 November Operation Torch  begins, with US Spitfire is claimed by Sottotenente and British troops invading Vichy Luigi Giannella from 10° Gruppo. French North Africa. The siege of May Malta now has five squadrons fully Malta ends. Between March and equipped with Spitfire Vs (Nos. 126, October 1942, 367 Spitfires have 185, 249, 601 and 603 Sqns).  been successfully delivered to Malta. 8 May Sgt Wilbert Dodd of No. 185 Sqn The C.202 would be the most widely produced Italian single-seat fighter of the war. The first unit to be equipped with the aircraft was 17° Gruppo of 1° Stormo in May 1941. Combat capability was not achieved by the unit, however, until the autumn. By that time the Folgore had already seen action over Malta. This C.202 belongs to 90a Squadriglia, 10° Gruppo, 4° Stormo based at Gela, on Sicily, in May 1942. (Author) 99999999999999999999 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com DESIGN AND DE VELOPMENT SPITFIRE The Supermarine Spitfire was one of the greatest fighters of World War II. Famous for its speed and manoeuvrability, its greatest attribute, however, had nothing to do with its exceptional performance. Reflected in R. J. Mitchell’s brilliant design was the capacity for continued development. Long before the Battle of Britain, Supermarine was hard at work looking to improve the Spitfire through increased engine power and a strengthened airframe. Incredibly, the British Air Staff, under Air Chief Marshal Sir Cyril Newall, had initially been reluctant when it came to instigating an improved Spitfire programme. Believing the RAF’s future lay with the twin-engined Westland Whirlwind and the new Hawker Tornado and Typhoon, the Air Ministry shied away from further Spitfire development. Fortunately for the RAF the Spitfire was a proven commodity. By the spring of 1940 the Whirlwind, Tornado and Typhoon prototypes were plagued with technical problems. The Tornado’s performance was disappointing and the type never went into production. The Peregrine-powered Whirlwind was underpowered and less manoeuvrable than the Spitfire, resulting in only 112 examples being built, and the Typhoon’s performance as an interceptor at medium to high altitudes was also disappointing in comparison with 10 that of the Spitfire – the fighter it was supposed to replace. © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com