Spinning the Semantic Web Spinning the Semantic Web Bringing the World Wide Web to Its Full Potential Edited by Dieter Fensel, James Hendler, Henry Lieberman, and Wolfgang Wahlster The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England FirstMITPresspaperbackedition,2005 82003MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology All rights reserved. No partof this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronicor mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher. ThisbookwassetinStoneSansandStoneSerifon3B2byAscoTypesetters,HongKong. PrintedandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Spinningthesemanticweb:bringingtheWorldWideWebtoitsfullpotential/editedby DieterFensel...[etal.]. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN0-262-06232-1(hc.:alk.paper),0-262-56212-X(pb.) 1.WorldWideWeb. I.Fensel,Dieter. TK5105.888.S693 2003 004.6708—dc21 2002016503 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Contents Foreword xi Tim Berners-Lee 1 The Original Dream xii 2 Re-enterMachines xiv 3 WhereAre We Now? xiv 4 The World Wide Web Consortium xv 5 WhereIs theWeb Going Next? xvi 1 Introduction 1 DieterFensel, James Hendler,Henry Lieberman,and Wolfgang Wahlster 1.1 WhyIsThereaNeedfor the SemanticWeband What Will It Provide? 3 1.2 How the Semantic WebWill Be Possible 8 I Languages and Ontologies 2 SHOE:ABlueprintfor the Semantic Web 29 Jeff Heflin, James Hendler,and Sean Luke 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Background 31 vi Contents 2.3 The SHOE Language 36 2.4 Implementation 51 2.5 Related Work 57 2.6 Conclusion 58 3 DAML-ONT: An OntologyLanguage for theSemantic Web 65 DeborahL. McGuinness,Richard Fikes, LynnAndrea Stein, and JamesHendler 3.1 Introduction 65 3.2 AnIntroduction through Examples 68 3.3 Notes 77 3.4 LanguageExtensions 78 3.5 AnAxiomatic Semantics ofDAML-ONT 79 3.6 Conclusion 90 4 Ontologiesand Schema Languages on the Web 95 MichelKlein, Jeen Broekstra, Dieter Fensel, Frank vanHarmelen, and Ian Horrocks 4.1 Introduction 95 4.2 Ontologies and Schemas 96 4.3 The OntologyLanguage OIL 98 4.4 XML Schema 103 4.5 RDFSchema 114 4.6 ApplyingOntologies toOnlineResources 121 4.7 Conclusion 135 5 UPML:The Language and Tool Support for Making theSemantic Web Alive 141 BorysOmelayenko, Monica Crube´zy, DieterFensel, Richard Benjamins, Bob Wielinga, Enrico Motta, MarkMusen, and YingDing 5.1 Introduction 141 5.2 BrokeringReasoning Components on theWeb 144 vii Contents 5.3 UPML: The Languagefor Knowledge Component Markup 146 5.4 AnEditor for UPML Specifications Based on Prote´ge´-2000 157 5.5 Conclusion 163 6 OntologiesCome ofAge 171 DeborahL. McGuinness 6.1 Introduction: The Web’s GrowingNeeds 171 6.2 Ontologies 173 6.3 Simple Ontologiesand Their Uses 178 6.4 Structured Ontologiesand Their Uses 181 6.5 OntologyAcquisition 185 6.6 Ontology-RelatedImplications and Needs 186 6.7 Conclusion 191 II Knowledge Support 7 Sesame: An Architecture forStoringand Querying RDF Data and Schema Information 197 Jeen Broekstra, Arjohn Kampman, and Frank vanHarmelen 7.1 Introduction 197 7.2 RDFand RDF Schema 198 7.3 The Need for anRDF/S Query Language 201 7.4 Sesame’s Architecture 205 7.5 Sesame’s FunctionalModules 212 7.6 Experiences 215 7.7 Future Directions 219 7.8 Conclusion 220 8 Enabling Task-Centered Knowledge Support through Semantic Markup 223 Rob Jasper and Mike Uschold 8.1 The Evolving Web 223 8.2 WebProblem Solving 226 viii Contents 8.3 The Domain 230 8.4 Enabling Infrastructure 233 8.5 Worked Example 244 8.6 Conclusion 250 9 Knowledge Mobility:Semantics forthe Web asa White Knight for Knowledge-Based Systems 253 YolandaGil 9.1 Introduction 253 9.2 The Need for Knowledge Mobility 254 9.3 ANew Generationof Knowledge Bases: Resilient Hyper–Knowledge Bases 268 9.4 TRELLIS: Building Resilient Hyper–Knowledge Bases 272 9.5 Conclusion 276 10 Complex Relationships forthe Semantic Web 279 Sanjeev Thacker, Amit Sheth,and Shuchi Patel 10.1 Introduction 279 10.2 Knowledge Modeling 282 10.3 InformationScapes 296 10.4 Knowledge Discovery 298 10.5 Visual Interfaces 302 10.6 Related Work 310 10.7 Conclusion 312 11 SEmantic portAL: The SEALApproach 317 Alexander Maedche, SteffenStaab, Nenad Stojanovic,Rudi Studer, and York Sure 11.1 Introduction 317 11.2 Ontologiesand Knowledge Bases 318 11.3 OntologyEngineering 325 ix Contents 11.4 SEAL Infrastructure and Core Modules 332 11.5 Semantic Ranking 338 11.6 Semantic Personalization 344 11.7 RDFOutside: From aSemanticWebSite to theSemanticWeb 347 11.8 Related Work 350 11.9 Conclusion 354 III Dynamic Aspect 12 Semantic Gadgets: Ubiquitous Computing Meets the Semantic Web 363 Ora Lassila andMark Adler 12.1 Introduction 363 12.2 About Representation 364 12.3 Scenario:SemanticGadget inaMuseum 365 12.4 Semantic Discovery 368 12.5 Contractingfor theUse ofServices 369 12.6 Composition ofServices 370 12.7 Museum Scenario Revisited:an Analysis 371 12.8 Conclusion 374 13 Static and Dynamic Semanticsof theWeb 377 ChristopherFry, Mike Plusch,and Henry Lieberman 13.1 Introduction 377 13.2 Static Semantics 378 13.3 Dynamic Semantics 380 13.4 Sources of DynamicSemantics 381 13.5 Web Agents Make Useof DynamicSemantics 382 13.6 InformationRetrieval and Theorem-ProvingPerspectives 384 13.7 The Semantic Web ShouldNotSit on the Tower ofBabel 387 13.8 We Need Another Languagelike a Hole inthe Head 389 13.9 Is ProceduralAttachment Rope to Hang Yourself? 390